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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
what are tastebuds?grouped in papillae on tongue no. of fungiform papillae affects peoples sensitivity to all tastes many > high sensitivity = super tasters
how many and what are receptors cells on a taste bud?50 receptor cells behave like neurons release neurotransmitter to excite nearby neuron
4 types of primary tastesweet salty sour bitter
how does the brain encode taste?1. taste nerves 2. medulla 3. insula
what are the 2 functions of the tongue?taste touch
what is olfaction?sense of smell
what are the olfactory receptor cells?in nasal cavity hundreds of types- for many different chemicals
what is the olfactory bulb?processes the info
what is vomeronasal sensation?in non humans detects odourless chemicals- affects beh. receptors at olfactory bulb
what is sounds?sound waves frequency amplitude
what are sound waves?periodic compressions, causing vibrations
what is frequency?no. of compressions per time relates to perceived pitch
what is amplitude?intensity of sound waves related to perceived loudness
how are sound waves detected?1. pinna 2. tympanic membrane (eardrum) 3. cochlea (3 fluid filled tunnels) 4. vibrations displace hair cells in cochlea 5. auditory nerve (nerve bundle)
where is sound processed in the brain?1. ear 2. cochlear nucleus CROSS OVER 3. primary auditory cortex
why can we distinguish between frequencies?basilar membrane of cochlea primary auditory cortex
what is the place theory?each area of basilar membrane refers to specific pitch areas too tightly linked to resonate
what is the frequency theory?vibrations of basilar membrane sync with sound waves neurons can't fire quick enough
what is conductive deafness?damage of bones of middle ear
what is nerve deafness?damage to cochlea, hair cells, auditory nerve
what is the human hearing range?20Hz to 20kHz
what is an vestibular organ?detects position & movement of the head
what does the vestibular organ do?crucial for balance 3 semi-circular canals next to inner ear filled with jelly like substance lined with hair cells
what is huntingtins disease?motor disorders- arm jerks, facial twitches psychological disorders- depression, anxiety gradual brain damage first basal ganglia cerebellum, cerebral cortex strong genetic influence
what is Parkinson's disease?motor disease- temper, slowness cog. disorders- difficulty imagining movements & events gradual death of neurons decreased dopamine activity reduced stimulation of motor cortex
what causes Parkinson's disease?genetics- 20 genes that increase risk exposure to toxins
how do we move?1. brain 2. spine 3. skeletal muscle
what does the cerebral cortex do?control of complex movements stimulation at each spot causes specific movements
what is the posterior parietal cortex?planning & initiation of movement, monitoring position of body in space
what do the supplementary motor cortex & prefrontal cortex do?planning a rapid sequence of movement
what does the cerebellum do?precise timing associated with movement, attention, balancing
what does the basal ganglia do?spontaneous self initiated actions
what do skeletal muscles do?control movement of body in relation to environment long cylindrical with stripe
what is the neuromuscular junction?synapse of muscle fibre & motor neuron axon each axon fibre is innervated by 1 motor neuron axon