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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
What is the problem with battery farming?increases the risk of disease, creates a lower quality product and is an ethical concern
What is the problem with battery farming?increases the risk of disease, creates a lower quality product and is an ethical concern
What happens if the first line of defence fails?The second line of defence starts working
What happens if the first line of defence fails?The second line of defence starts working
What is the issue with Fermi's Paradoxwhy haven't we found life and why hasn't it found us
What does MRS GREEN stand for?movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, evolve and nutrition
What are some things required in a habitable zone?gravity, oxygen, protection from harmful radiation, water, an energy source, suitable temperature
What are some features of Mars?desert-like, 40% gravity, 95% carbon dioxide and has an average temperature of -60°
Why is it unlikely that there is life on the surface of Mars?it has a very thin atmosphere and a low temperature
Where in Mars could life be possible?There might be life under the crust where there may be liquid water
What are extremophiles?Organisms that live in extreme conditions
What is an example of an extremophile?Tubeworms - these live 2500m underwater and get their energy from hydrothermal vents
What is the remote helicopter on Mars called?Ingenuity
What are the five kingdoms of organisms?plant, animal, fungi, monera (bacteria), protista (algae and protozoa)
What is fungi useful for?Fungi is useful to to make antibiotics and make bread dough rise
How can fungi be harmful?It can be poisonous and can cause things like athletes foot
What is bacteria necessary for?Bacteria are necessary for our digestive system
How can bacteria be harmful?It causes diseases like tetanus
What is the only cell type with a vacuole?Protozoan
What does bacteria not have?Bacterium has no nucleus or vacuole
What does fungus not have?Fungus has no vacuole and no chloroplast
What is the independent variable?the difference between the sides
What is the dependent variable?what you are measuring
What are the variables that remain constant?the things that stay the same
How are viruses helpful?they are useful for vaccines
How are viruses harmful?they cause things like covid and the flu
How are protozoa helpful?break down sewage to make water safe to put into the environment
How is protozoa harmful?it causes diseases like malaria
How is algae harmful?releases toxins into lochs and the sea making it harmful for fish to eat
Where is the most bacteria found?most bacteria is on surfaces that are touched often but not cleaned regularly
Why is there more bacteria on clean hands than dirty hands?on clean hands, you have all the bacteria that stays between your fingerprints wherever you go but on dirty hands, you only have bacteria from the things you have touched
What is the pressure cooker that is used to destroy harmful bacteria called?Autoclave
What temperature does an autoclave reach?126°
What are some rules for doing microbiological work?no food or drink, keep petri dishes closed, run autoclave at the correct temperature, dispose of waste properly, mop up spills immediately
What is the type of growth that shows rapid increase?exponential growth
Where is E. coli found?intestines of animals
What are common symptoms of E. coli?stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea
What can happen to E. coli during the butchering process?E. coli gets from the animals stomach to the surface of the meat
What can happen to E. coli if meat is minced?E.coli can get transferred throughout the meat
What is the best way to kill E.coli?high temperatures
What things can lead to an outbreak of E.coli?inadequate training, failure to use temp probes, not having a cleaning schedule, not separating raw and cooked meat, not using separate equipment for different processes
Why are temperature probes so important?to check the meat has reached a temperature high enough to kill bacteria throughout the meat
Why is it important to use different knives?to avoid contamination
Why did operating theatres used to be far away from the wards?so that other patients couldn't hear the screaming
Why did operations used to be so quick?so the patient was in pain for a shorter period of time
Why would surgeons wear aprons?to protect themselves blood
When would surgeons wash their hands?after the surgery
What percentage of patients used to die from infection?25%
What is an example of antiseptics?Phenol/carbolic acid
Where did Lister spray antiseptic?in the air
Why are disinfectants used?to reduce the number of microbes on non-living things
What is used to kill microbes on living tissue?antiseptics
What forms a disinfectant when added to water?chlorine
Why is chlorine used in swimming pools?to kill microbes
What is an antibiotic?a chemical that kills or stops the growth of bacteria
What are antibiotics made from?fungi
What was the first antibiotic?penicilin
Who discovered antibiotics?Alexander Fleming
What effect does antibiotics have on have on viruses?no effect
When was penicillin discovered?1928
How did Fleming discover antibiotics?Fleming was growing bacteria on a petri dish. When he returned from a holiday, he noticed some of the bacteria had died. He realised this was because it had been contaminated by a fungi now known as penicillin.
What is the name of the jelly in petri dishes?nutrient agar
Why do we need different antibiotics?some people are allergic to certain antibiotics and some bacteria are resistant to certain antibiotics
What is the circular disc used to test antibiotics called?multidisc
How does a multidisc work?Around the circle there are samples of different antibiotics, if bacteria doesn't grow next to a particular antibiotic, we know it will kill the bacteria
Coughing, scabs, vomiting, sneezing and earwax are all what?part of the first line of defence
What happens when you swallow microbes?they get killed by stomach acid
What happens is microbes end up in your lungs?You cough them up in mucus and then swallow them when they will be killed by hydrochloric acid
What happens if the first line of defence fails?The second line of defence starts working
What is the name of a micro-organisms that causes disease?Pathogens
What is a phagocyte?a white blood cell that eats pathogens
What is a lymphocyte?white blood cells that produce antibodies
What is an antigen?molecules on the surface of a pathogen that the immune system recognizes
What are antibodies?y-shaped chemicals that stick to pathogens that stops them from working and causes them to clump together
Why can you only get chiken pox once?your body keeps the antibodies so it is able to fight off the chickenpox pathogens before they effect you
What did Edward Jenner discover?vaccination
How did Jenner invent vaccination?He noticed that milkmaids never got smallpox. This was because all of them had already had cowpox and therefore had the antibodies to fight it off
Why do cowpox antibodies work on smallpox?they are almost identical
What is biology?the study of living organisms, their interaction with each other and with their environment
What is biosphere?the zone of the Earth inhabited by living things
What is a habitat?the place where an organism live
What is community?all of the organisms in 1 habitat
What is population?all of the organisms of one type
What is an organism?a living thing
What is an ecosystem?the habitat, animals and plants
What is biodiversity?the number of different species present in a particular area
What does a high biodiversity show?a healthier ecosystem
What is a vertebrate?animals with a backbone
What is an animal without a backbone?Invertebrates
What are some types of vertebrates?mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians
What are some examples of vertebrates?salmon, dolphin, elephant, snakes and camels
What are some types of invertebrates?jellyfish, flatworms, true worms and arthropods
What are some examples of invertebrates?snail, starfish, earthworm and amoeba
What are some examples of birds?ducks, vultures and falcons
What are some examples of fish?perch, plaice, eel and salmon
What are some examples of reptiles?snakes, crocodiles and tortoises
What are some examples of amphibians?salamanders and frogs
What are some examples of jellyfish?jellyfish, hydra and sea anemone
What is an example of a true worm?earthworm
What are some examples of molluscs?snails and clams
What is an example of a starfish?sea urchin
What are some types of keys?branching keys and paired statement keys
What is the name of factors to do with living things?biotic factors
What are some examples of a biotic factors?predation, disease, food availability and competition
What is an abiotic factor?a non-living factor
What are some examples of abiotic factors?soil pH, rainfall and temperature
What is sampling?taking a measurement in an ecosystem without destroying things in the ecosystem
Why is sampling better than counting?it is quicker doesn't involve destroying the thing you are trying to count
What is a quadrat used for?to study distribution
How is a quadrat used?It is placed randomly on a lawn and you count how many of the squares contain the species being studied
What is measured on a scale from A-HLight intensity
What is measured on a scale from 1-8Soil moisture
How do producers get their energy?photosynthesis, light energy or solar energy
What feeds off producers?consumers
What order do consumers and producers appear in the food chain?producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer
What does the arrow show in a food chain?direction of energy flow
What percentage of energy is passed down in the food chain?10%
What does a pyramid of numbers represent?the number of organisms
What does a pyramid of energy represent?total energy present in each level of the food chain
How do you calculate the total amount of magnification when using a microscope?power of the eyepiece lens multiplied by the power of objective lens
What do red blood cells do?carry oxygen around your body
Why do red blood cells not have a nucleus?to make more room for oxygen
Why are red blood cells tiny?so they can fit through the smallest blood vessels
What do nerve cells do?carry electrical impulses from 1 part of the body to another
Why are nerve cells long?so they can cover a long distance
What structure does DNA have?double helix
Why are cells different?they only use some of the genes
What happens in the cytoplasm?chemical reactions
What happens in the nucleus?controls the cell and contains genetic information
What is the purpose of the cell wall?gives structure to the cell
What does the vacuole do?stores water
What does the chloroplast do?contains green chlorophyll used for photosynthesis
What is the purpose of the cell membrane?controls entry and exit of substances such as oxygen, water, food and waste
Groups of cells that are similar form what?tissues
At least 2 different tissues work together to form what?organs
Several organs work together to make what?organ systems
Organ systems work together to form what?an organism
Why is protein necessary?energy and amino acids which are building blocks for growth and repair the body
Why are carbohydrates necessary?to provide bulk in meals
Why are fats required?they are high in energy and are stored under the skin
Vitamins have no what?energy
What is vitamin C is essential for?healthy blood vessels
What is vitamin A for?healthy immune system and eyes
What does vitamin D help?helps our digestive system to absorb calcium in blood
What are some examples of minerals?calcium and iron
Over 75% of the body is made up of what?water
What is fibre used for?to maintain the health of your digestive system
Describe the process of eating foodSaliva breaks down food in the mouth. Food passes down the esophagus/gullet into the stomach. Food from the stomach goes into the small intestine where it's further digested by enzymes. Soluble food passes into the blood and the remains are undigestable fibers.
What happens in the large intestine?water is absorbed from the remaining fibre
What is the world population?7.6 billion
What are 3 things farmers use to increase how much of a crop they can grow and sell?pesticides, herbicides and fertilisers
Why are fertilisers used?to add nutrients to the soil
What 3 elements are useful to plants and what do they do?Nitrogen for leaf growth, phosphorus for root growth and potassium for flower and fruit growth
What is a side effect of pesticides and herbicides?they reduce biodiversity
What is battery farming and why is it used?keeping animals indoors so it reduces energy transferred into the environment so more energy is available for growth
What is the problem with battery farming?increases the risk of disease, creates a lower quality product and is an ethical concern
In organic farming, what is used to replace fertiliser?manure
What are the positives and negatives of using manure?it improves soil structure but is difficult to apply and cannot control mineral content
Why is crop rotation used?to increase the nutrients available for different crops
What is used in stead of herbicides and why is the good?weeding - there is less environmental damage
What are some examples of nitrogen-fixing plants?peas, beans and clovers
Why are insects and wasps important?pollination
Why is organic food more expensive?less demand, it is more labour intensive, it’s slower and there is less food produced for the size of the farm
Name what cell this is and the parts of the cell.animal cell, nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane
Name what cell this is and the parts of the cell.Plant cell
Can you name these parts of a microscope?Microscope