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level: Producing new cells

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Producing new cells

QuestionAnswer
where can you find the genetic information for an organism?the nucleus
what is the genetic information in the nucleus called?DNA
what is DNA in the nucleus organised into?chromosomes
what is mitosis?the process of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells
describe stage one of mitosischromosomes replicate to become thicker visible pairs of chromatids, joined at centromeres
describe stage two of mitosisthe chromosomes (made of pairs of chromatids) line up along the equator of the cell, attached to spindle fibres.
describe stage three of mitosistheir pairs of chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibres to opposite poles of the cell
describe stage four of mitosistwo new nuclei form around the chromatids, which are now called chromosomes
describe stage five of mitosisafter mitosis, the production of new nuclei, the cell cytoplasm becomes pinched off and two genetically identical daughter cells are formed
what is the purpose of cell divisionproduces new cells for growth and the repair of damaged tissues and replacement of dead or damaged cells.
define chromosome complementnumber of chromosomes in an organism's cell
define haploidone set of chromosomes
define diploidtwo sets of chromosomes
what does mitosis maintaindiploid chromosome complement, two matching sets of chromosomes are replaced during mitosis to produce more diploid cells
what is a stem cellunspecialised animal cells involved in tissue growth and repair they can divide in order to self renew and have the potential to become different types of cells
what is the multicellular organism hierarchycell > tissue > organ > system > organism
describe embryonic stem cellcan be obtained from the embryo at a very early age have the potential to become any cell type found in the body
describe tissue stem cellscan be found in the body throughout life have the potential to become only a few types of cell
what does specialisation of cells in multicellular organisms lead to?the formation of a variety of cells, tissues and organs. groups of organs work together to form systems.
what is a specialised cell?cells designed to carry out a particular role in the body
why do cells become specialised in multicellular organisms?to carry out different functions which allows organisms to function more efficiently
in what tissue can you find epithelial cells?cheek epithelium
what are the specialised structural features of epithelial cells?flat, irregular shape allows cells to form a loose covering layer which constantly replaced during wear and tear
what is the function of epithelial cells?they protect mouth lining
in what tissue can you find red blood cells?blood
what are the specialised structural features of red blood cells?small size and biconcave shape present a relatively large surface area rich supply of haemoglobin present
what is the function of red blood cells?uptake and transport of oxygen to living cells
in what tissue can you find white blood cells?blood
what are the specialised structural features of white blood cells?able to change shape sacs of microbe-digesting enzymes present in some types
what is the function of white blood cells?destruction of invading microbes
in what tissue can you find motor neuron cells?nerve tissue
what is the specialised structural feature of motor neuron cell?axon (long insulated extension of cytoplasm)
what is the function of motor neuron cells?transmission of electrical impulses
what is the specialised structural feature of sperm cell?have tail
what is the function of sperm cell?to help sperm swim towards the egg in the female reproductive tract
in what tissue can you find goblet cell?ciliated epithelium tissue
what are the specialised structural features of goblet cell?cup shape able to produce mucus
what is the function of goblet cell?secretion of mucus traps dirt and germs
in what tissue is the ciliated epithelial cell found?ciliated epithelial cell
what specialised structural features do ciliated epithelial cell have?hair like cilia that beat upwards
what is the function of the clilated epithelial cell?sweeping of dirty mucus up and away from lungs
in what tissue can you find palisade mesophyll cells?mesophyll
what is the specialised structural features of palisade mesophyll cell?chloroplasts present; columnar shape allows densely packed green layer to be presented to light
what is the function of palisade mesophyll cell?primary region of light absorption and photosynthesis
in what tissue can you find spongy mesophyll cells?mesophyll tissue
what are the specialised structural features of spongy mesophyll cells?round shape allows loose arrangement in contact with moist air spaces for absorption of carbon dioxide
what is the function of spongy mesophyll cells?secondary region of photosynthesis
in what tissue can you find sieve tube cell?phloem tissue
what are the specialised structural features of sieve tube?sieve plates and continuous stream of cytoplasmic strands (but no nucleus)
what is the function of sieve tube cells?transport of soluble carbohydrates up and down the plant
in what tissue can you find companion cell?phloem tissue
what is the specialised structural features of companion cell?large nucleus in relation to cell size
what is the function of companion cells?control of sieve tube functions
in what tissue can you find xylem vessel?xylem tissue
what is the specialised structural features of xylem vessel?hollow tube; wall strengthened by lignin lignin deposited as rings or spirals allowing expansion and contraction
what is the function of xylem vessel cells?support and water transport up the plant
in what tissue can you find root hair cells?root epidermis
what are the specialised structural features of root hair cells?long extension of an epidermal cell presenting a large surface area in contact with soil solution
what is the function of root hair cells?absorption of water and mineral salts