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level: the brain, behaviour and disease 2

Questions and Answers List

level questions: the brain, behaviour and disease 2

QuestionAnswer
benefits of using GM bacteria, plants and animalslarger yield faster supply-demand
the effect of MDMA (ecstasy) on a synapsebinds to molecules in the presynaptic membrane responsible for transporting serotonin back into the cytoplasm MDMA may cause the molecules to work in reverse increase the concentration of serotonin in the synaptic cleft thus causing the mood change
the effects of ecstasyaffects thinking, mood and memory users report feelings of euphoria, well-being and enhanced senses side effects include clouded thinking, agitation, sweating, dry mouth and hypothermia repeated doses can cause hyperthermia, high blood pressure, muscle breakdown and kidney failure which can be fatal long term effects include insomnia, depression and other psychological problems
define genomeall the DNA of an organism including genes needed for protein synthesis
what is the human genome project?officially launched in 1990 by the US and UK scientist decipher the whole of the human genome to understand the way genes control our phenotype research has led to understanding and improved treatment of gene-based diseases
SNPsingle nucleotide polymorphism a DNA sequence variation that occurs when a single nucleotide in the genome is altered in at least 1% of the population with one base substituted for antother
social, moral and ethical issues with genome sequencing to obtain personalised medicineswho should decide about the use of tests and on whom should they be used? making and keeping records of individual genotypes raises issues of confidentiality medical treatments through the development of genetic technologies will initially be very expensive restricted availability of many medical treatments will be a problem to health services in deciding who is eligible for treatment
pharmacogenomicsthe study of how a person's unique genetic makeup (genome) influences their response to medication
genetic modificationalso know as genetic engineering or genetic recombination the introduction of genetic material from another organism
pharmingusing GMO microbes, animals and plants to produce therapeutic proteins and vaccines
GMOgenetically modified organisms they are transgenic organims with genetic material from another
describe the sequence of events involved in genetically modifying a bacterium cellplasmid is extracted and cut with restriction enzymes an isolated human gene is spliced into the plasmid the modified plasmid is put back into the bacterial cell the cells are left to multiply in a fermenter the bacterial cell can now produced human proteins like insulin the proteins are extracted and purified whilst the bacteria is destroyed
describe the sequence of events involved in genetically modifying a plant using a gene gunplasmid with desired gene and antibiotic resistant gene gene gun filled with DNA coated gold/tungsten bullets gene gun fires bullets at high velocity into the plant cell foreign gene incorporated into the plant chromosome transforming the plant cell plate cells in antibiotic, only transformed cells selected micro-propagation all the cells in the transgenic plant have the new gene
micro-propagationtransformed cells grow in a sterile culture medium containing sucrose, amino acids, inorganic ions, and plant growth substances
risks of using GM bacteria, plants and animalsantibiotic/herbicide resistance spreading harmful products from new genes violating animal rights transfer of viruses from animals to humans environmental damage lack of choice unfair use for rich countries
benefits of using GM bacteria, plants and animalslarger crop yield faster supply-demand less need for pesticides/herbicides less cost for food and drug production
how did Katz and Crowley identify the innate structure of the column of dominance of the occipital lobe?they worked with ferrets injected labelled tracers this showed that the columns of dominance were formed before the critical period
outline Hubel and Wiesels experimentsclosed one eye of a kitten for several months opened up the eye and discovered that the kitten was blind in one eye repeated this for adult cats adult cats maintained vision in both eyes repeated this in both young and adult monkeys got the exact same results in monkeys as in the kittens and cats
what did Hubel and Wiesel's experiments prove?they were the first to discover the columns of dominance in the visual cortex they proved that the visual cortex only develops normally when both eyes receive visual stimulation they found out that the columns of dominance for the deprived eye had shrunk whilst the columns for the deprived eye had expanded