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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
How dose a normal CSF and a CSF in meningitis look likenormal - clear, colourless meningitis - milky, containing bacteria and neutrophils
How dose a normal CSF and a CSF in meningitis look likenormal - clear, colourless meningitis - milky, containing bacteria and neutrophils
How dose a normal CSF and a CSF in meningitis look likenormal - clear, colourless meningitis - milky, containing bacteria and neutrophils
How dose a normal CSF and a CSF in meningitis look likenormal - clear, colourless meningitis - milky, containing bacteria and neutrophils
List bacteria that can cross blood-brain barrier transcellularilystaphylococcus pneumoniae haemophilus influenzae neisseria meningitidis escherichia coli K1
Which bacteria can cross blodd-brain barrier paracelullarilyspiral bacteria some viruses
Which bacteria use the trojan horse mechanism within white blood cells....Mycobacterium tubuerculosis Listeria monocytogenes Epstein Barr virus Cytomegalovirus
List spieces that cause bacterial meningitis in neonatesEscherichia coli Group B streptococcus (Staphylococcus agalactiae) Listeria monocytogenes
List spiecies that cause bacterial meningitis in children older than 5yrNeisseria meningitidis Haemophilus influenzae
List spieces that cause bacterial meningitis in young adults 15-35 yearsViruses Neisseria meningitidis Streptococcus pneumoniae
List the spiecies that cause bacterial meningitis in older peopleStreptococcus pneumoniae Listeria monocytogenes gram negative bacteria Neisseria meningitidis Haemophilus influenzae
List spieces that cause bacterial meningitis in immunosuppressed peopleMycobacterium tuberculosis Cryptococcus (fungi)
What is a prion and why is it important in brain infectionsprion - misfolded proteins with the ability to transmit their misfolded shape onto normal variants of the same protein. They characterize several fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases.
What encephalopathys are caused by prionsCreutzfeldt-Jakob disease variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Kuru
What is the cause of Poliomyelitispoliovirus
What are the CSF findings in bacterial meningitislow glucose raised protein polymorphs raised
What is septicaemiaSepticaemia is when bacteria enter the bloodstream, and cause blood poisoning which triggers sepsis.
Which spiecies can cause viral meningitisenterovirus mumps herpes simplex arboviruses
What are the CSF findings in viral meningitisglucose normal protein raised lyphocytosis raised
Which spiecies cause viral encephalitisherpes simplex arboviruses mumps measles
Which spieces cause brain abscessesanaerobic streptococcus bacteroides staphylococci gram negatives
How to store CSF collected from lumbar puncture- delivery to th elab ASAP - temp. not lower than 30C - never refrigerate - if inoculated in media, then 37C - if incubation then 37C 5-10 porcent of CO2 24h
What can we do with the pellet and the supernatant after centrifugation of CSFpellet -gram staining -methylene blue staining -Ziehl Neelsen staining supernatant -latex test -PCR
List constitiuents of CSF, group them in those that are lower and higher than in blood plasmaLOWER -proteins -glucose -phosphorous -bicarbonate -potassium -sulfate -cholesterol -enzymes HIGHER -sodium -cholride
Which white blood cells can we find in CSFlymphocytes monocytes
Major protein in CSF is...albumin
Major Ig in CSF is...IgG
Helathy CSF do not contain....erythrocytes
What is meningismgroup of symptoms and signs that accompany meningitis
How dose a normal CSF and a CSF in meningitis look likenormal - clear, colourless meningitis - milky, containing bacteria and neutrophils
List spiecies that cause meningitis in infants and children up to 2 yearsgroup B streptococcus (streptococcus agalactiae) neisseria meningitidis haemophilus influenzae
List spieces that cause meningitis in children from 2-15 yearsviruses - coxackie A, coxackie B, Echo, Herpes, mumps virus haemophilus influenzae neisseria meningitidis streptococcus pneumoniae
List spiecies that cause meningitidis in adults older than 35 yearsStreptococcus pneumoniae Neisseria meningitidis
What kind of diagnostics can you performe to diagnose meningitis- CSF compositioin and colour - micrsocopy - culture - blood culture - nasopharyngeal swab - aspirate of purpuric spot from the skin - serology - PCR (blood and CSF)
What is meningococcal rash a sign of...meningitis
How may you accuire meningitis...adult (neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae) - inhalation of respiratory droplets babies (Streptococcus agalactiae) - during passage through infected birth canal
In most cases bacteria spread to the meninges from...lungs sinusitis otitis media bacteremia
What is bacteria protected with capsule doing in CSF?metabolize glucose
What is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in newborns?Streptococcus agalagtiae
What is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis?Streptococcus pneumoniae Neisseria meningitidis
Which type of meningitis is epidemic?Meningococcal meningitis
Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis is based on...symptoms culture from CSF
What is most vital in treating bacterial meningitis?quick diagnosis
List the preventive mesures for bacterial meningitis-vaccination of children agains Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type B, Neisseria meningitidis -penicillin to child whose mother is colonized with Streptococcus agalactiae -treatment of infected pregnant mothers with penicilin (ampicillin or vancomycin) to prevent spread of Streptococcus agalactiae -meningococcal vaccine for college freshmen and military recruits -people in contact with infected people should take rifampin, tetracyclines or sulfonamides - people at risk of listeriosis should avoid soft cheeses, unpasteurized milk etc
What can listeria monocytogenes cause?listeriosis, human-human transmission like mother-child can cause meningitis
Aseptic meningitis- caused by viruses - no bacteria in CNS - milder than bacterial meningitis - similar symptoms as bacterial meningitis
90% of viral meningitis is caused by...enteroviruses HSV mumps virus coxackie A virus coxackie B virus echoviruses poliovirus
How dose enterovirus spread?person-person fecal-oral respiratory secretions (only coxackie or enteroviruses)
What is the incubation time for enteroviruses?3-7 days
"Enteroviruses can survive in chlorinated pools"TRUE
How to diagnose viral meningitis?symptoms no bacteria in CSF
What is the treatment of viral meningitis?acyclovir gancyclovir (for HSV)
Encephalitis is caused by...VIRUSES HSV (mostly) arboviruses (st.Louis virus, western equine virus, eastern equine virus, west nile virus) rabies virus
What is the pathogenesis of viruses causing encephalitis?HSV - acute diffuse encephalitis Arboviruses - neuronal infection Rabies virus - peripheral nerves invasion
Mosquitos are the vectors of what virus?arboviruses
Brain abscesses can be caused by...parameningal suppuration foreign bodies haematogenous from distant sepsis
What aerobes and anaerobes can be found in brain abscesses?aerobes: staphylococcus aureus, staphylococci, streptococci, gram negative rods (enterobacteriacae) anaerobes: bacteroides, fusobacterium
What are the clinical features of brain abscesses?headache fever reduced consciousness neurological signs increased intracranlial pressure
How to diagnose brain abscesse?CT scan culture from pus normal or low glucose in CSF high WBC in CSF
Poliomyelitisaffects children fecal-oral route person-person can cause paralysis NO CURE (only vaccine)
Symptoms of poliomyelitisfever fatigue neck stifness pain in limbs vomiting headche
How to diagnose polio?virus present in throat or feces Chronic fatigue syndrome cell culture techniques
Treatment of poliopleconaril popocavir
List 2 vaccines against poliosalk sabine
Is rabies endemic?yes (not antarctica and hawaii)
In which phase of rabies can we detect antibody in serum and CNS?neurologic phase
Rabies treatmentwash wound with soap and water as fast as possible begin post exposure prophylaxis (one dose of human rabies immune globulin, four doses of rabies vaccine over 1 month )
Rabies diagnosiscell culture and virus isolation immunodiagnostic procedures observation of negri bodies in animal brain
Tetanus is cause by...ingestion of exotoxin from clostridium tetani (spores get into tussue and tetanospasmin is produced)
Diagnosis of tetanusmuscle spasms in guinea pigs that where injected with scrapings from the wound
Prophylaxis of tetanusvaccine
Fungal CNSI, give examples of diseases with the spiecieschronic meningitis vasculitis (mucor, aspergillus) brain parenchyma invasion (cryptococcus, candida)
What is mycosis?infection cause by a fungus
Which type of mycosis is the leading one (most common?)cryptococcosis
What is the treatment for fungal CNSI?fluconazole and voriconazole against aspergillus amphoericin B against candida and cryptococcus
List some of the degenerative CNS diseases and their etiological factorsSSPE (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis) - measles virus PML (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy) - human plyoma virus 2 Kuru disease - prions Crteutzfeldt Jacob disease - prions
Variant creutzfeldt jakob disease- encephalopathy - brain tissue destroyed - death in 12 months - caused by prions
Treatment Variant creutzfeldt jakob diseaseNONE
Diagnosis Variant creutzfeldt jakob diseaselab tests on samples from CNS to confirm presence of prions
What sample is need in diagnosis of meningococcal CNSI?pharyngeal swab from the person and all its relatives
Rapid test for bacterialpolsaccharide capsular antigens is used in in diagnosis of which spiecies?neisseria meningitidis haemophilus influenzae E.coli K1
Rapid test for endotoxin is used in diagnosis of which spiecies?LPS-gram negative bacteria