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level: Endocrinology

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Endocrinology

QuestionAnswer
• Processed under immunosero because it usesSerum
the study of the endocrine system, hormones and role in the body. It influences the way we feel, we act, the things we doEndocrinology
are essential in maintaining homeostasis and are sensitive to changes in the bodyHormones
• Network of ductless glands (No duct- vessel in which chemicals can stay before release)Endocrine gland
endocrine cell found in glands will release a hormone directly to the blood stream and to the target cellSecreting cells
• chemical products are passed out of the cell away from the gland in the means of vesselExocrine gland
• Chemical messengers (because they stimulate a certain process) that travel into the bloodstream to TARGET CELLS WITH specific receptors to the hormones and react in the presence of those substances.Hormones
• Stimulated by an Imbalance in the bodyHormones
• Binds to specific receptors on the cell of origin resulting in self-regulation of its function1. Autocrine
Side” binds to receptors in Adjacent cells2. Paracrine
• Acts on immediately adjacent cell by direct cell-to-cell contact from one receptor to another3. Juxtacrine
• It is similar to autocrine because it acts on itself but the manner is different because intracrine the hormone remains itself inside the cell4. Intracrine
Pheromones- substances release from animals that causes a response in another organism5. Ectrocrine (extra)
 Generally, secretes releasing hormones: it will stimulate the other hormones, Have an effect in the organ• Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus releasesthyroid releasing hormones
 Releases secreting hormones; thyroid stimulating hormonesPituitary
secrete hormones stimulated by the hormones in the hypothalamus. Ex. TSH- stimulated by the production of TRH from the hypothalamus. ANTERIOR PITUITARY
not a true endocrine gland, not able to produce hormones. It will just store hormones from the hypothalamus Ex. ADH POSTERIOR PITUITARY
• Goiter, enlarged neck, butterfly shaped organ found below the neckThyroid
Thyroid gland releasesT3, T4, Calcitonin
smallest endocrine gland which is embedded in thyroid gland (P shape), “marbles” releases PTH for calcium regulations.• PARATHYROID
• Sitting on top of the kidneys “above kidneys”3. Adrenals or Suprarenal
Adrenal CortexAldosterone, Cortisol, Sex hormones
influences sodium levels Aldosterone
hyperglycemic agent, increases glucose level for you to produce ore energy “stress hormone” Cortisol
(All of us have testosterone (testes) and estrogen (ovary) it’s just that one predominates the other, the difference is the amount)Sex hormones
Adrenal MedullaEpinephrine, Norepinephrine, Adrenaline
– involved in fight or flight response Epinephrine / Adrenaline, Noradrenaline Dopamine
• principle hyperglycemic agent: glucagon released by alpha cells of islets and LangerhansPancreas
Insulin: beta (decrease glucose) • Somatostatin – regulates insulin and glucagon released by delta cellsTrue
(vertebrates) one of usually two organs that produce ova and secrete estrogen and progesteroneOvary
• Testosterone6. Prostate / Testes
• EPO erythropoietin which is a hormone that increased the production of RBC7. Kidneys
• Produces thymosin which increases T cell production (becomes smaller overtime, shrink)Thymus
• located in the brain, responsible for melatonin which is a hormone responsible for sleep cyclesPineal Gland
• Melanin (less melanin – lighter skin)Skin
• Basically, proteins that has the same properties as proteins • A group of peptides will make up protein.Peptides
Water soluble Lipid insoluble No transport protein Secondary messaging The receptor is outsidePeptides
 Insulin  FISH  Vasopressin  Glucagon  LH  Thyrotropin  Somatotropin  ACTH  OxytocinPeptides
• Basically, made up of lipids • Derived from cholesterol • Properties are related to lipidsSteroids
Water insoluble Lipid soluble With transport protein Primary messaging The receptor is insideSteroids
➢ Aldosterone ➢ Cortisol ➢ Estrogen ➢ Testosterone ➢ ProgesteroneSteroids
depends on the type of hormone’sAmines
T3, t4, CatecholaminesAmines
• basically, how hormones regulate themselvesFeedback mechanism
Increase in product = decrease activityNegative feedback
increase in product = elevate activityPOSITIVE FEEDBACK
Homeostatic- purpose InhibitorNegative feedback
Non-homeostatic – does not maintain the balance EnhancersPositive feedback
Luteinizing hormoneNegative feedback
• Defect in the target organ itselfPrimary
• Defect in the pituitary gland or the organ that stimulate the target gland2. SECONDARY
• Defect in the hypothalamus (secretes releasing hormones)Tertiary