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level: FINALS ELEMENTS

Questions and Answers List

level questions: FINALS ELEMENTS

QuestionAnswer
Effervescent PreparationsCarbonate or Bicarbonate Organic Acids – Tartaric Acid, Citric Acid, Malic Acid, Ascorbic Acid
Also known as the Noble GasesGroup 0 elements Group VIII (8) in the periodic table
Second lightest airHelium (He)
What is Helium used for and its container?Used to prepare synthetic airs ( 20% O2 + 80% He) a. Carrier / diluent of medicinally important gases b. component of artificial gas Container: Brown
Toxicity of HeliumDonald Duck like sound if inhaled
For advertising purposesNeon (Ne)
Most abundant noble gasArgon (Ar)
Substitute to Nitrogen as inert atmosphere for pharmaceutics By-product of the fractionalization of liquid air for the production of O2 and N2Argon (Ar)
Least abundant of all noble gases Investigated for possible use as anestheticsKrypton (Kr)
Investigated for possible anestheticsKrypton (Kr) and Xenon (Xe)
Synthetic Noble GasRadon (Rn) aka: niton
What is the use of Radon (Rn) ?Used for treatment of Cervical Cancer
Comprise the most reactive of all the metallic elements Valence electron = 1 Activity increases with atomic number Hydroxides give alkaline solutions Alkalinity increases with atomic number Degree of solvation decreases with increasing atomic numberGroup 1A Elements (Alkali Metals)
Inflammable air Lightest element/ gas Very reactive, explosive propertyHydrogen (H2)
What are the use of Hydrogen (H2)?Inflating balloons
Isotopes of HydrogenProtium - Most abundant Deuterium - heavy hydrogen D2O - heavy water Tritium - radioactive powerful reducing agent pale blue flame
Earth Lightest metalLithium (Li) Bridge element of Mg
What is the use of Lithium (Non pcol) ?Heat exchanger in air conditioners
What is the use of Lithium (Pcol) ?Depressant and Diuretic
What are the compounds of Lithium?1 Lithium Bromide (LiBr) - Depressant sedative 2 Lithium Carbonate (Li2CO3) BN: 3 Lithase - Drug of choice for mania Side Effects: Ebstein anomaly (Congenital cardiac abnormalities) Flame Test - Carmine Red
most abundant extracellular cationSodium (Na) Responsible for fluid retention "Natrium" - nature
Color of Sodium(Na) in flame testPersistent golden yellow
Effervescent PreparationsCarbonate or Bicarbonate Organic Acids – Tartaric Acid, Citric Acid, Malic Acid, Ascorbic Acid
Ringer’s Solution1 NaCl (Sodium chloride) 2 KCl (Potassium chlorid) 3 CaCl2 (Calciu chloride)
Bases/Alkaline causesLiquefactive Necrosis (Lipids)
Acids causesCoagulative Necrosis (Proteins)
AntidotesBase – vinegar, fruit juices Acid – antacid For both: Dilution with water or milk Sulfuric Acid – Contraindicated with dilution of water (Exothermic reaction)
Antidote basesVinegar, fruit juices
Antidote acidantacid
Acid and bases is ingesteddilute with water or milk
Most abundant intracellular cationPotassium (K)
Potassium (K) akaKalium
What are the uses of Potassium (K)?For muscular contraction Diuretics
Potassium (K) deficiencyHypokalemia
“Cream of Tartar or Creamor”Potassium bitartrate (KHC4H4O6)
What are the uses of Potassium bitartrate (KHC4H4O6)?Laxative
What are the uses of Potassium Bromide (KBr) ?Depressant
Ingredient of toothpaste, mouthwashes, garglesPotassium Chlorate (KClO3)
“Potash, Salt of Peter, Perlash, Salt of Tartar”Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3)
What are the uses of Potassium Chloride (KCl) ?Slow IV drip/infusion, Electrolyte replenisher, Ringer’s Solution, Lethal injection
What are the uses of Potassium Acetate(KCH3COO)?Diuretic, Antacid, Urinary and Systemic Alkalizer
Potassium Bicarbonate (KHCO3)Systemic Antacid, Carbonating Agent together with Sulfa drugs-cystalluria
Catalyst in polymerization of resinCesium (Cs) No pharmacological significance (also Rb)
used in density gradient centrifugation (separation of protein and nucleic acid)Cesium Chloride (CsCl)
Conjugate acid of ammonia HYPOTHETICAL alkali metalAmmonium (NH4+)
What are the uses of Ammonium (NH4+) ?1 Diuretic 2 expectorant 3 anti cariogenic 4 buffer
Compounds of Ammonium1 Ammonium Bromide (NH4Br) – sedative depressant 2 Ammonium Carbonate (NH4)2CO3 – “Sal Volatile, Hartshorn, Preston Salt” - expectorant, respiratory stimulant, antacid, ingredient of aromatic ammonia spirit -pungent, irritating odor, penetrating 3 Aromatic Ammonia Spirit – “Spirit of Sal Volatile, Spirit of Hartshorn” Respiratory Stimulant 4 Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl) – “Muriate of Hartshorn, Sal Ammonia” - Diuretic, Expectorant, Urinary acidifier
What are the uses of Ammonium Bromide (NH4Br)?sedative depressant
“Sal Volatile, Hartshorn, Preston Salt”Ammonium Carbonate (NH4)2CO3
What are the uses of Ammonium Carbonate (NH4)2CO3?expectorant, respiratory stimulant, antacid, ingredient of aromatic ammonia spirit odor: pungent
“Spirit of Sal Volatile, Spirit of Hartshorn”Aromatic Ammonia Spirit Respiratory Stimulant
“Muriate of Hartshorn, Sal Ammonia”Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl) Diuretic, Expectorant, Urinary acidifier
16⁰ Ammoniadegrees Baumè household ammonia Contains 10% NH3
produced by HABER’S PROCESSAMMONIA (NH3)
similar in behavior to KRubidium (Rb) No pharmacological significance (also Cs)
Inorganic base + Organic/ Fatty acids or estersSaponification
Normal Saline Solution (NSS)0.9% w/v – isotonic