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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
what is peristalsisthe coordinated, rhythmic, sequential contraction of smooth muscle that push food through the digestive tract, as well as bile through the bile duct
where does digestion beginin the mouth; the teeth mechanically shred and grind food and enzymes begin the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates
where is that he stomach locatedLUQ of the abdomen, directly inferior to the diaphragm
where is the entrance and exit of the stomachat the cardiac sphincter; the exit is at the pyloric sphincter
what are the three major sections of the small intestineduodenum, jejunum, and ileum
where does 90% of digestion take placein the small intestine
where is the appendix locatedinferior to the ileocecal valve is the cecum; the appendix dangles from the cecum
what is the function of the appendixan area where non pathologic bacteria live safely until they are needed for digestion; and house immune system cells and tissue
where is the liver locatedinferior to the diaphragm, covering most of the URQ and extending into the left epigastrium, and is divided into two lobes
how much blood is delivered to the liverevery minute approximately 1500ml
the cell of the liver produce bile define it and why its necessarya yellow-brown or green-brown liquid; for the emulsification of fat
what is the primary function of the gallbladderstore and eject bile into the duodenum for digestion of fats
where is the pancreaslies posterior to the stomach
what does the pancreases produce each day1000-1500mL of pancreatic juice to aid in digestion
define anchlorhydriaan abnormal condition characterized by the absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice
melenatar-like, fetid-smelling stool containing undigested blood
what are the 4 major functions of the large intestinecompletion of absorption of water; manufacture of vitamins K & B7; formation of feces; expulsion of feces
_________ is the largest glandular organ in the bodyliver
the ______ can store ____-____ mL of bilegallbladder; 30,50
after an endoscopy the pt will not be allowed to __ or ____ until the _____ returnseat, drink, gag reflux
how can you assess if the pt gag reflux has returnedplacing a tongue blade to the back of the pharynx
how does the hypothalamus( a portion of the brain) that contains two appetite centers affect eatingcenter stimulates to eat, other signal to stop eating
define lumenthe cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ
occult bloodit is obscure or hidden away from view
when obtaining a stool specimen, the pt is instructed to keep the stool specimen free of ____ or _____ because either can _______urine, toilet paper, alter the test results
a pt should not eat _____ 24-48 hr before a ____ testorgan meat, guaiac
after a lower GI endoscopy exam; observe the pt for evidence of bowel perforation which include what symptomsabdominal pain, tenderness, distention, and bleeding
a barium enema study does whatseries of x-rays of the colon used to detect the presence and location of abnormalities such as polyps, tumor, and diverticula
intussusceptioninfolding of one segment of the intestine into the lumen of another segment
what does a colonoscopy dovisualizes the mucosa of the colon and can detect lesions in the proximal colon, which would not be found by sigmoidoscopy
what are the dietary restrictions prior to a colonoscopyclear liquid diet 1-3 days before procedure to decrease residue in the bowel, and NPO for 8 hours before the procedure
after a colonoscopy what will you monitor the pt forabdominal pain, guarding, distention, tenderness, excessive rectal bleeding, or blood clots
usually at least ___ ____ ____ are collected on consecutive daysthree stool specimens; because the result are not available for several days and guide subsequent treatment if bacterial infection is present
____ ____ is an ____ process that results from the action of bacteria on carbohydrates in the mouth, which in turn _______dental decay; produces acids that that dissolve tooth enamel
pathognomonicsigns or symptoms specific to a disease condition
cancer of the lips occurs most frequently as achronic ulcer of the lower lips in men over the age of 50
leukoplakiaa white, firmly attached patch on the mouth or tongue mucosa; may appear on the lips and buccal mucosa
dysphagiadifficulty swallowing
define supraglottic laryngectomyremoval of the entire larynx or the portion of the true vocal cords
large tumors require more ___ and ___ ___extensive, traumatic surgery
heartburn often described as asubsternal or retrosternal burning sensation that tends to lead to radiate upward and may involve the neck, the jaw, or the back
reglan is used to treat moderate to sever cases of GERD, it is in a class of drugs calledpromotility agents, which increase peristalsis & therefore promote gastric emptying & reduce the risk of gastric reflux
early esophageal cancer typically hasno symptoms, making early diagnosis difficult; and greatly affects the 5 year survival rate
anastomosissurgical joining of two ducts, blood vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to the other
in carcinoma of the ___ the malignancy tends to ________esophagus; spread to the nearby lymph nodes
achalasia also called cardiospasm meansan abnormal condition characterized by the inability of a muscle to relax, particularly the cardiac sphincter of the stomach
what are the four post op intervention for a pt experiencing esophageal surgerypromote good pulmonary ventilation, maintain chest drainage system as prescribed, maintain gastric drainage system, maintain nutrition
observing for the s/s of gastritis includeanorexia, nausea, discomfort, after eating and pain
objective data of gastritis includes observingvomiting, hematemesis (vomiting blood), & melena caused by gastric bleeding
the most common causes of peptic ulcers includethe presence of H. pylori bacteria in the stomach, regularly taking NSAIDs, smoking or chewing tobacco, excessive alcohol intake
the two most common peptic ulcers are ___ and ___gastric, duodenal
the term peptic ulcer refers toacid in the digestive tract eroding the mucosal lining of the stomach, esophagus, or duodenum
define perforationoccurs when the ulcer crater penetrates the entire thickness of the wall of the stomach duodenum
____ is considered the most lethal complication of peptic ulcersperforation
histamine receptor blockersdo not give within two hours of antacids; decrease acid secretions by blocking histamine (H2) receptors ;
what is the action of omeprazole (Prilosec)proton pump inhibitor; totally eradicates gastric acid production
what are the purposes of nasogastric intubationdecompression, feeding (gavage), compression, lavage
define dumping syndromea rapid gastric emptying of undigested food from the stomach to the small intestine, causing distention of the duodenum or jejunum
dumping syndrome is a direct result ofsurgical removal of a large portion of the stomach and pyloric sphincter
dehiscencea partial or complete separation of the wound edge
eviscerationprotrusion of viscera through the disrupted wound
treatment of dumping syndrome includesix small meals high in protein & fat, low in carbs, eating slowly & avoiding fluids during meals; anticholingeric gets 2 decrease motility; reclining for at least one hour AC
why do you not give antibiotics for cancer of the stomachlong term therapy can destroy the normal flora, resulting in pathogenic microorganisms entering the intestines
one strain of E. coli isO157:H7; often has a virulent course
why would you not give a pt antidiarrheals if they have disorders of the intestinesprevent the intestines from getting rid of the E. coli pathogen
define tenesmusineffective and painful straining with with defecation
what are nursing interventions for intestine infectionsfluid imbalance is important, including measurements of postural changes in BP, skin turgor, mucous membrane hydration, and urinary output. ( dehydration & hypotension)
celiac disease pathoautoimmune disease that disrupts they absorption of nutrients from foods in response to the ingestion of gluten
glutena protein primarily found in wheat, rye, and barley
IBS pathoepisodes of altered bowel function and intermittent and recurrent abdominal discomfort and pain
one theory for IBS isthe brain, intestine, and nervous system interact in a way that causes greater than normal discomfort when stool passes through the colon
physiological factors also are considered for IBS includeanxiety, depression, and forms of abuse including physical, social, and sexual abuse
define exacerbationsincrease in severity of the symptoms
define remissiondecrease in severity of the disease or any of its symptoms
ulcerative colitis s/ssevere diarrhea, losses of sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, and calcium irons may occur
in mild to moderate ulcerative colitis what s/s may occurdiarrhea may consist of two to five stools per day with some blood present
pt with severe ulcerative colitis s/s may includefifteen to twenty liquid stools per day, containing blood, mucus, and pus
stomaan artificial opening of an internal organ on the body surface; color and size should be pink/red and slightly edematous
where can crowns disease occurany where in the GI tract from the mouth to the anus but most commonly in the terminal ileum and proximal colon
define steatorrheaexcess fat in the feces
crohns disease dieting nursing interventionstube feeding allow rapid absorption in the GI tract that begun, and the oral intake of a low-residue, high protein, high calorie diets are introduced gradually
clinical manifestations for diverticulitispain in the left quadrant of abdomen, fever, elevated WBC count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate
untreated clinical manifestations for diverticulitissepticemia and septic shock can develop, hypotensive, tachycardic, intentional obstruction can occur, abdominal distention, n/v
recommended diet for diverticulitishigh in fiber, mainly fresh fruits and vegetables, decreased intake of fat and red meat
external hernia is strangulated when what happensoccludes blood supply and intestinal flow
if a to has a hernia how do you prevent a anaerobic infection in the areaimmediate surgical intervention is performed
post op nursing interventions for a pt with strangulated herniapt should deep breathe every 2 hours but mainly surgeons discourage coughing; teach the pt how to support the incision by splinting the area with a pillow or pad
define volvulusa twisting of bowel onto itself
define paralytic (adynamic) ileuslack of intestinal peristalsis and bowel sounds
define cachexiaweakness and emaciation associated with general ill health and malnutrition (small body and big belly)
__ the discoloration of body tissue caused by abnormally high levels of ___, is visible when the total serum ___ exceeds __mg/dLjaundice, bilirubin, 2.5
define hepatitisan inflammation of the liver caused by viruses, bacteria, and noninfectious causes such as alcohol ingestion and drugs
define parenchymathe functional tissue of an organ, as opposed to supporting or connective tissue
define biliary atresiathe absence of underdevelopment of biliary structures that is congenital in nature
define ascitesan accumulation of fluid and albumin in the peritoneal cavity
define hypoalbuminemiareduced protein or albumin level in the blood, which reduces the bloods ability to regain fluids through osmosis
define spider telangiectasissmall, dilated blood vessels with a bright red center point and spider like branches
define jaundiceyellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclera of the eyes caused by greater than normal amounts of bilirubin in the serum
define paracentesisa procedure in which fluid is withdrawn from the abdominal cavity
define esophageal varicesa complex of longitudinal, tortuous vein at the lower end of the esophagus
define sclerotherapythe injection of chemicals used to cause inflammation, followed by fibrosis and destruction of the vessels causing the bleeding
define hepatic encephalopathya type of brain damage caused by liver disease and consequent ammonia intoxication
define asterixisa hand-flapping tremor in which the pt stretches out an arm and hyperextends the wrist with the fingers separated, relaxed, and extended
primary liver cancer pathomost frequently is heptocellular carcinoma; the other primary tumors are cholangiomas or biliary duct with carcinoma.
___of the liver and an infection with ___ or ____ are high-risk factors for primary liver cancerchirrosis, hepatitis c, hepatitis b
the __,__,__,__ and lung are common primary sites of cancer that ____ to the ___.pancreas, colon, stomach, breast; metastasizes
hepatitis A is spread bydirect contact of the oral-fecal route, usually by food or water contaminated with feces
hepatitis B is spread bycontaminated serum via blood transfusion, contaminated needles and instruments, needle sticks, illicit intravenous(IV) drug use, and direct contact with body fluids from infected people, such as breast milk and sexual contact
hepatitis C is spread byneedle sticks, blood transfusions, illicit IV drug use, and unidentified mean, blood borne exposures
hepatitis E is spread byoral-fecal route; it spreads through the fecal contamination water
pain resulting from cholecystitis or cholelithiasis sometimes are mistaken forcardiac problems because of the pain that is felt in the epigastric region and radiating to the back
define flatulenceexcess formation of gases in the stomach or intestine
define steatorrheaexcessive fats in the stool
what is the surgical procedure for gall stone retrievallaparoscopic cholecystectomy & open abdominal cholecystectomy
post op nursing intervention for laparoscopic cholecystectomysplint the abdomen with the hands, small pillow, or rolled bath blanket before attempting a cough
as the body ages the liver also hasdecreased ability to regenerate after injury or from hepatotoxic injury
what factors are most common for pancreatitisbiliary tract disease and alcoholism
define occlusionan obstruction or closing off
although once considered rare , ___ ___ is now the fourth leading cause of ___ death in the US and Canadapancreatic cancer; cancer
the major factor in the high death rate from pancreatic cancer isthe difficulty in diagnosing it at an early, curable stage
the most common environmental risk factor for pancreatic cancer issmoking seen in 30% of pt diagnosed with the disease
the digestive tract or alignment canal, is a muscular tube containing a mucous membrane lining that extendsfrom the mouth to the anus; approximately 9m (30 ft) long
the digest system includesmouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus