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Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
What is depression more common in?More common in women than men
What is depression more common in?People over 70
What does ICD stand for?International Classification of Diseases
How do you diagnose depression?At least 2 symptoms from 1-3 on the list has to be present for a week Then another 2 symptoms from the rest of the list for 2 weeks
What is unipolar depression?A type of mood disorder causing periods of intense sadness and feeling a lack of motivation to do everyday activites.
What is serotonin ?Is a neurotransmitter, it plays a role in regulating your mood
What is the 5HTT gene?Plays a role in serotonin activity. There are short and long alleles of the 5HTT gene
What was Capsi et al's theory of the length of the 5HTT gene?Someone with a short-short allele is more likely to develop depression in comparison to someone with a short-long and long-long allele
How many people were in Caspi's study?847
What type of study was it and for how long?Longitudinal study, from 3-21 years
What was measure 1?Frequency of 14 stressful life events between 21-26th birthday
What was measure 2?At age 26, the depressive symptoms for the past year were assessed. Someone who knew them well was asked via questionnaire
Results of measure 1?No difference across the groups
Result of measure 2?17% people across all groups been diagnosed with a depressive episode in the past year 3% have attempted suicide.
What did the groups tell about the alleles?People with 2 short alleles reported more depressive symptoms in a response to stress. Ppl with 2 long alleles less depressive symptoms
Strength of Caspi?Large sample of people from different ages, represent a large target population
Strength of Caspi?Results can be used to predict behaviors and future events
Weakness of Caspi?Could have lied on the questionnaire, open to interpretation
Weakness of Caspi?The gene couldn't be manipulated so can't see the direct relationship with the allele and depression
What are monozygotic twins?Share 100% identical genetic makeup
What are dizygotic twins?Share 50% of the same genetic makeup
What is concordance rate?The measure of the likelihood or probability that two people (eg. Twins) who share the same genes will both develop the same mental health problem.
What was the concordance rate of depression for mono and di zygotic twins by McGuffin?Mono - 46% Di - 20%
What did the concordance rate tell us about depression?Genes do play a part in depression and show that MZ twins are 2 times more likely to develop depression than DZ twins. But not 100% concordance rate shows that it is not solely based fo genes
What is the function of the 5HTT gene?It regulates the mood by transporting a neurotransmitter called serotonin between the neurons in the brain.
How does 5HTT gene play a part in depression?If the gene doesn't produce large amounts of serotonin more venerable to depression and how they handle stressful events. SS allele
What is the Diathesis stress model?Looks at the combined factor of nature and nurture. Biological factor being 5HTT gene and environmental factor being stressful life situations.
Strength of the genetic explanation of depression?Reduce stigma behind depression, seeing as it is based on genes and people can except it more.
Strength of genetic explanation of depression ?Supporting evidence from McGuffin about the concordance rate of MZ and DZ twins.
Weakness of genetic explanation of depression?It is reductionist, doesn't look at the whole picture, can't just look at genetic makeup and some environmental factors
Weakness of genetic explanation of depressionCan't show direct relationship with genes and depression seeing as you can't manipulate the gene. Hard to come to a valid conclusion about whether genes play a part.
What did Beck claim as the 3 triads that cause depression?Negative view on self, world and future
What happens to someone if they have a negative triad?Experience cognitive bias, seeing things much worse than they actually are. For example, magnification, seeing problems far magnified than they are in reality
What does Beck feel the negative triad comes from?Bad life experience
Strength of Beck's theory?This can be applied to therapy like CBT and it has been successful.
Strength of Beck's theory?Offers a holistic explanation, allows the combination of both nature and nurture.
Weakness of Beck's theory ?Blames it on people's thought patterns rather than genetic explanation, increase stigma
Weakness of Beck's theory?Can't establish a cuase - effect relationship between negative thinking and depression. Can't come to a valid conclusion, might only play a casual role.
What is addiction?A psychological problem that means people need a particular thing in order to go about their normal routine and avoid negative feelings
What is denial?Ignoring evidence that the substance is harmful to them
What is conflict?Replacing normal activities with time spent with the activity or recovering from it
What is complusion?A feeling that a person needs to take the substance
What is relapse?Stopping or reducing the substance is difficult, return to substance
What is withdrawlal?Physical symptoms like sweating, vomiting after spending time apart from substance
What is tolerance?May need to increase the amount of intake of the substance over time
What did Carmelli et al find about the concordance rate of MZ and DZ twins with smoking?If one MZ twin was a smoker, high chance the other would be than if the twins were DZ
What does Carmelli et al suggest about addiction?Addiction of smoking can be genetic
What is the DDR2 gene?Dopamine receptor gene
What did Martinez find out about the DDR2 gene?Heavy cocaine users had the A1 variant of the DDR2 gene, means less dopamine receptor in their brain.
Conclusion of Martinez et al?Certain variants of gene can cause vulnerability that can lead to developing drug addictions
Strength of the genetic explanation of addiction?Reduces stigma around addiction, seeing as the people may have inherited the gene
Strength of the genetic explanation of addiction?There is scientific evidence to backup, eg the Carmelli et al study. Add to the validity of explanation.
What is social learning?Learning from observing and imitating role models
How does social learning link to addiction?addiction can be started by observing a role model, like an adult or parent and then the person will imitate their behaviour. Addiction is initiated
What is operant conditioning ?Learning from the consequences of actions
How does operant conditioning link to addiction?if an addiction gives the person rewards, it will make them more likely to repeat the addiction over time. It is reinforced. Addiction is maintained
What is Classical conditioning?Learning through association
How does classical conditioning link to addiction?association is created between 2 situations or stimuli when they are used and paired repeatedly over time. Explains relapse
Strength of learning theory of addiction?Can be applied to therapy, unlearn addictive behaviors
Strength of learning theory of addiction?More holistic. Recongises 3 different things that could account for addiction, role models, life experience and emotion
Weakness of learning theory of addiction?Focuses too much on the role nurture. Does not take into account genetic predisposition like DDR2
Weakness of learning theory of addiction?No show of cause and effect, not everyone who drinks becomes and addict. No valid conclusion
What are the 2 stages of CBT?Functional analysis and skill training
What is functional analysis?when a patient discusses with the therapist the causes and triggers for their abnormal behaviour.
What is skill training?when a patient learns ways to control and change their thoughts and behaviour. The patient is often assigned ‘homework’ tasks to practise their new skills and to keep a diary of their progress at home between sessions.
Strength of CBT ?Supporting evidence from Young, the therapy can reduce symptoms more effectivley unlike drugs
Strength of CBT?More effective than drugs, it is a long term effect
Weakness of CBT?It relies on the patient being motivated to change behavior, might not be effective to some patients
Weakness of CBT?Focuses too much on the role of nurture. If genetic makeup, drugs may be more helpful.
What was the Young study?To see how effective cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) would be for those suffering from internet addiction.
How did the Young study work?First few sessions functional analysis Following sessions skill training
When was the client outcome questionnaires given?after 3rd, 8th, ,12th sessions and after 6 months
Results of young?Improvement over the 12 weeks of CBT No significant drop after 6 months after CBT had ended
Strength of young?Results consistant - collected over number of weeks and sessions
Strength of Young?CBT was useful treatment, people can use it in everyday life, can apply therapy to everyday life
Weakness of Young?as the results of the client outcome questionnaire may not be accurate, eg the patient lying on the questionnaire.
Weakness of Young?unrepresentative because it consisted of an unequal number of male and female participants and they were mainly caucasion.
What does the SSRI drugs do?Blocking the reuptake of serotonin from the neuron, more serotonin to diffuse across synapse, improve mood because increase level of serotonin
What does Methadone drugs do?Its a opiate, mimics heroine but is less addictive
What does Naltrexone drugs do?Reduce cravings by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, so that the dopamine pathway reward is no longer stimulated
Strength of taking the drugs?Reduce the symptoms so that they can take part in psychological treatment like CBT. More motivated etc.
Weakness of taking the drugs?Naltrexnone can cuase drowsiness, nausea, headaches, anexity and depression SSRI can cause the same. Side effects make it hard to keep taking the drug
Weakness of taking the drug?Can reduce the symptoms of the depression or addiction but it doesn't address the problem. High chance of relapse