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level: PLANT ROOTS AND STEM

Questions and Answers List

level questions: PLANT ROOTS AND STEM

QuestionAnswer
Different tissue system work together to do a unique functionPlant Organ
Absorbs mineral from soil and also water Hold the plant to make it stand firmRoots
Support the leaves Transport water and dissolve substances between the roots and shoots.Stem
Various cell types that work together to carry out various tasksPlant Tissues
Different tissue system that work together to do a unique functionPlant Organ
Plant Organs have two disctinct parts, what are those parts?1 Shoot system 2 Root system
Shoot system has two portions1 Vegetative parts (Non-reproductive) 2 Reproductive parts
Vegetative partsleaves and stems
Reproductive partsflowers and fruits
What is the function of the shoot system?Absorbs light needed for photosynthesis.
What is the function of the root system?Supports the plant and absorbs water and minerals
What are the two types of roots?1 Primary root 2 Secondary root
What is primary root and secondary root1 Primary root goes downwards 2 Secondary root branch out from the sides
Two types of Root System1 Taproot System 2 Fibrous Root System
Has lateral root. consists of one prominent main root with smaller lateral roots branching from it. DICOTTaproot System
Lacks lateral root. has several roots of the same sizes that develop from the end of the stem, with smaller lateral roots branching off these roots. MONOCOTFibrous Root System
What are the functions of roots?1 Anchorage 2 Absorption of water and dissolve minerals 3 Conduction of water and minerals 4 Conduction of foods 5 Food storage 6 Reproduction 7 Photosynthesis
Three different types of soil1 Clay 2 Loam 3 Sand
Least airspace because it is sticky and compact Possessess hydroscopic waterClay
Has less airspace Combination of clay, silt and sand Recommended type of soil to grow plants.Loam
Have more airspaceSandy
Why is plowing important?Separating soil particles
The amount of water in the soil is determined by1 Rainfall 2 Drainage 3 Water holding power 4 Nature of the subsoil
Types of water that flows into the soil1 Runoff (Flows away from the surface) 2 Gravitational water (flows down the soil) 3 Capillary water (is held loosely by soil particles and remove through evaporation) 4 Hydroscopic water (is held firmly by soil particles after capillary water is removed)
To reduce evaporation we do what?Mulching
Spreading dead leaves, papers and any materials to screen the soil from wind and sunMulching
Mineral salts typesNitrates, sulfates, magnesium, potassium and calcium
What is the use of mineral salts for plants?Used for manufacturing of food and other organic materials by plants.
Composition of soil:1 Organic matter 2 Organisms
Functions of Organic matter1 Promotes water retention 2 Prevents caking 3 Increases porosity and aeration
Combination of soil with organic matter produces what? Complex mixture of proteins and lignins from a incompletely decomposed plantsHumus
Function of Organisms1 aid in the decomposition of organic matter and rock particles 2 influence the physical properties and aeration of soils
Because of organisms, the pH of a soil ranges from what?pH 4.5 - pH 6.5
Importance of plants to soil1 Absorb minerals 2 Add minerals to soils 3 Reducing and preventing soil erosion
What are the functions of stem?1 Conduction of materials 2 Production and support of leaves and reproductive structures
2 Production is a function of what stem parts?buds, bare leaves, flowers cones, secondary stem
2 Support is a function of what stem parts?Xylem, phloem, fibers
Specialized function of stems?1 Food storage 2 Reproduction 3 Storage
The transport in the plant body happens in two ways1 Xylem - one-way direction (upward) -WATER AND DISSOLVE MINERALS 2 Phloem - two-way direction (up or down) -
TRANSPORT IN XYLEM (step by step)1 Root hair - 2 Epidermis - 3 Cortex - Once water arrives here, they can pass either by symplast or apoplast 4 Endodermis - 5 Pericycle - 6 Xylem (tracheids or vessel elements) - 7 Stem - 8 Leaves -
Explain when water passes a symplastwater moves within cells, the cytoplasm through plasmodesmata
Explain when water passes a apoplastwater moves into interconnected cell walls.
What is the transport system of water when moving through the plant body?1 Osmosis 2 Passive Diffusion
What is the transport system of Dissolved minerals when moving through the plant body?1 Active transport
TRANSPIRATION (tension-cohesion / transpiration-cohesion model) (STEP-BY-STEP)1 Soil -> 2 Root tissues -> 3 Root xylem (serves a straw) -> 4 Stem xylem -> 5 Leaf mesophyll -> 6 Atmosphere
The water is pulled upward under a tension due to the transpiration while maintaining an unbroken column in the xylem because of the cohesion.Tension-cohesion
Accumulation of water in the root tissue push up water to the top. This is called what?Root pressure
Root pressure also causes what process in the leaves?Guttation
The forceful release of liquid water to a special openings to the leaves called hydathodesGuttation
Predominant synthetic product carried by the phloemSucrose
The phloem can also carry small amounts of amino acids, organic acids, disease causing plant virus...
This states that dissolve sugar will move to phloem because of a pressure gradient which exist in two sources.Pressure-flow hypthesis
Pressure gradient exist between source:1 The sugar loaded in the phloem 2 Sink where the sugar is removed from the phloem
It is where the sucrose is manufacturedLeaf mesophyll or Palisade mesophyll
The pressure gradient that exist in the sugar loaded in the phloem (STEP-BY-STEP)1 Sucorse (Leaf mesophyll) -> 2 Companion cells (help) while transport happen, it produces proton gradient in the form of hydrogen ions -> 3 Sieve-tube elements MOVEMENT OF SUCROSE USES ACTIVE TRANSPORT
The proton gradient produced will also strives the uptake of sugar to the sieve tube elements..
The accumulation of sugar in the sieve tube elements, the water will move out from the xylem to the phloem through OSMOSIS transport system Once inside, it will increase the turgor pressure which will make the plant firm...
1) Proton pump move H+ out of sieve tube elements -> sugar is actively transported into sieve tube element -> water diffuses from xylem to sieve tube elements - turgore pressure increases within sieve tube elements..
2) Sugar is transported out of the sieve tube element -> water diffuses out -> turgor pressure decreases THIS PROCESS IS OSMOSIS (Water) THIS PROCESS IS ACTIVE TRANSPORT AND PASSIVE TRANSPORT (Sugar)..