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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
Regions of the brain1. Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum) 2. Diencephalon 3. Brain stem 4. Cerebellum
Ventricles of the brain-Spaces containing cerebrospinal fluid Lateral ventricles (ventricle 1 & 2) -Paired in cerebral hemispheres Third ventricle -In diencephalon Fourth ventricle -In hindbrain They are connected to one another and to central canal of spinal cord -Lined by Ependymal cells
Five lobes of the brain1. Frontal 2. Parietal 3. Occipital 4. Temporal 5. Insula (insulated insula)
Surface marking termsGyri- ridges Sulci- Shallow grooves Fissure- Deep groove
Cerebral cortex-Thin (2-4mm) superficial layer of gray matter -40% of the mass of brain -Side of conscious mind: awareness, sensory perception, Voluntary motor Initiation, Communication, Memory stage, and understanding -Each hemisphere connects to contralateral side of body
Three types of functional areas of the cerebral cortexMotor areas Sensory areas Association areas
Motor areasControl voluntary movement -Primary motor cortex -Premotor cortex -Brocas area -Frontal eye field
Sensory areasConscious sensation -Primary somatosensory cortex -somatosensory association cortex -Visual areas -Auditory areas -Olfactory cortex -Gustatory cortex -Visceral sensory area -Vestibular cortex
Association areasIntegrate diverse information
Primary motor cortex-Precentral gyri Conscious control of precise, skilled and involuntary movements
Primary somatosensory cortexPostcentral gyri -information from skin, Skeletal muscles and joints -Capable of spatial discrimination
LateralizationDivision of labor between hemispheres
Left hemisphereControls language, math and logic
Right hemisphereInsight, Visual spatial skills, Intuition and artistic skills
Cerebral dominanceDesignates hemisphere dominant for language (Left hemisphere and 90% of people)
Cerebral white matter-Myelinated fibers and their tracts -Responsible for communication -Commissures -Association Fibers -Projection fibers -Left and right hemispheres communicate via fiber tracts in cerebral white matter
Gray matter: Basal nuclei-Subcortical Nuclei- influences posture and voluntary movement input from: -Sensory cortex, thalamus, brain stem output from -Motor cortex, brain stem
Thalamus-Largest part of diencephalon -Most sensory input projects to here -sorts, edits, relays information
EpithalamusPineal glad may influence sleep wake cycles
Hypothalamus-ANS control -Emotions -Endocrine control -Muscle control -Temperature regulation -Regulation of food and water intake -Regulation of sleep wake cycle
Brainstem-Controls Automatic behaviors necessary for survival -contains embedded nuclei -contains fiber tracks connecting higher and lower neural centers -Associated with 10 pairs of cranial nerves
Medulla oblongataRegulates: -Heart rate -Blood vessel diameter -Respiration -Swallowing -Vomiting -Hiccuping -Coughing -Sneezing
Pons-Connect higher brain centers and spinal cord -relay impulses between motor cortex and cerebellum -Sleep and respiratory center
Midbrain-Visual reflex center -Auditory relay center
Cerebellum-11% of brain mass -Precise timing and patterns or skeletal muscle contraction Control of: -Balance -Posture -Coordination -Puzzle solving -Word association
Anatomy Of the cerebellum- 2 hemispheres connected by vermis - Each hemisphere has three lobes 1. Anterior 2. Posterior 3. Flocculonodular Folia: Transversely oriented gyri Arbor vitae: tree like pattern of cerebral white matter
Protection of brain1. Bone (skull) 2. Membranes (Meninges) 3. Watery cushion (cerebral spinal fluid) 4. Blood brain barrier
Meninges (Brain and spinal cord)Connective tissue membrane: -Dura mater -Arachnoid mater -Pia mater Spaces -Subarachnoid: Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)
Cerebral spinal fluid-Provides a protective cushion around CNS -Provide some nutrients to CNS tissues -baths brain and spinal cord
Brain blood supply-15 to 20% of blood from heart -High metabolic rate independence on constant supply of oxygen and glucose -receives blood from internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries Interruption can cause unconscious and Irreversible brain damage
Spinal cord-Begins at foramen magnum -ends at conus medullaris at L1 vertebra (in adults)
Functions of the spinal cord-Two way communication to and from brain -Contains spinal reflex center
White matter-Consists of ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts
White matter-Consists of ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts