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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
The SA node is known as the Pacemaker because itRegulates the Heartbeat
The SA node is known as the Pacemaker because itRegulates the Heartbeat
Located in the base of the right Atrium and passesImpulses to the AV node
How come the AV nodes slow the impulses?To allow the Atrium to complete contraction allowing Ventricles to fill
After impulses complete contracting to Ventricles, they then pass to a group of conduction fibers called the"Bundle of His"
The "Bundle of His" divides into right and left bundle branches to travel to smaller branches called the"Purkinje Fibers", which surrounds the Ventricles
What is the impulse pathway in which the message travels rapidly through the Ventricles and causes contractions emptying the Ventricles?SA node to AV node to Bundle of His to Right and Left bundle branches to Purkinje Fibers
Refers to a complete heartbeatCardiac Cycle
While the two Atria contracts, the twoVentricles Relax
When the Ventricles contract, the twoAtria Relax
The phase of contraction is calledSystole
Period between contraction of the Atria or the Ventricles during which blood enters the relaxed chambers from the systemic circulation and lung is calledDiastole [ Phase of Relaxation ]
What does a complete Diastole and Systole of Atria and Ventricles constitute?Cardiac cycle; taking average of 0.8 seconds
What are the Heart sounds?Lub and Dub and produced by closure of the valves
The Long duration and low pitch heard when the AV valve closes is theLub the 1st sound
The short duration, sharp sound heard when the Semilunar valves close is theDub the 2nd sound
What is the Cardiovascular system composed of?Heart, Blood Vessels, and Lymphatic Structures
How does the Cardiovascular system function?Delivers Oxygen and Nutrients to the cells and removes Carbon Dioxide and waste products from the cells
A large pump that propels blood through the Circulatory SystemThe Heart
The Heart is composed of four chambers, which areThe Two Atria and Two Ventricles
There are two Coronary Arteries that supply the heart withNutrition and Oxygen
Where does the electrical impulse pathway start?At the SA node [ Pacemaker ]
The impulse travels to the AV node, then travels to a bundle of fibers calledBundle of His
When the impulse travels to the Bundle of His, it then divides into right and left bundle branches and finally to thePurkinje fibers
There are 3 kinds of blood vessels that are organized for carrying blood to and from the heart which areThe arteries, veins, and capillaries
Risk factors for developing CAD are classified asNonmodifiable and Modifiable
What are Nonmodifiable risk factors for CAD?Advancing age Male Gender Black Race Positive family history of CAD
What are major Modifiable risk factors for CAD?Cigarette smoking Hyperlipidemia Stress Obesity Sedentary lifestyle Hypertension
Patient problem: Compromised blood flow to tissue, related to insufficient venous circulationNursing interventions: Providing antibiotic therapy as prescribed Encourage nutritional intake to promote wound healing Elevate extremities when sitting or lying down to promote venous return and decrease risk of edema Use overbed cradle to protect extremities from pressure of bed linens
The surgical removal of the intimal lining of an artery may be the treatment of choice of an arterial embolismEndarterectomy
What does the Endarterectomy involve doing?Involves stripping Arteriosclerotic plaque from the intima or inner media of arteries affected by Atherosclerosis
What are ACE inhibitors prescribed for?Patients with PAD [ Peripheral Artery Disease ] regardless whether they have hypertension or left ventricular dysfunction
What are Fibrinolytics or Thrombolytics useful for?Dissolving existing Thrombi
What is Urokinase [ Abbokinase ] used for?In Most patients with Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease
Patients who have PAD may have this discoloration or Erythema or Cyanosis Arterial ulcers, Cellulitis or Gangrenous changes in affected ExtremityRubor
What are nursing interventions for PAD "Peripheral Artery Disease"?Herbs for circulatory effects Gingko Horse chestnut Garlic
The arterial wall loses its elasticity and becomes lessResponsive to changes in blood volume and pressure
What can Atherosclerosis progress to?Obstruction, Thrombosis, Aneurysm, and Rupture
When the need for oxygen in the tissues exceeds the supply what occurs?Ischemia and may result in cell death and tissue necrosis
What are causes of Secondary Hypertension?Renal Vascular Disease Coarctation of the Aorta [narrowing] Head trauma or cranial tumor Pregnancy induced hypertension
What are risk factors for Essential Hypertension?Nonmodifiable Risks as age pasts 30 years old Male at more risk Modifiable Risks Smoking Obesity High sodium diet
What is Venography?Gold standard to assess condition of DVT deep vein thrombosis
A serum venous blood testD- dimer
What are Anticoagulants used for?Anticoagulant therapy prevents and clot from growing in size or development of a new one
What are Patient teachings on Anticoagulant therapy?Bleeding that does not stop after 10-15 min Blood in urine and or stool black tarry etc Severe headaches vomiting blood Unusual bleeding from gums throat skin or nose heavy menstrual
Buerger's Disease is a chronic condition, amputation may be necessary if the condition progresses to gangrene withChronic infection and extensive tissue destruction
The prognosis of Buerger's disease can improve if the patientStops smoking, when pt's compliant with therapy, 94% avoid amputation
The 8 yr amputation rate for patients who continue to smoke is43%
What kind of test used to diagnose Raynaud's disease?Cold stimulation
Who are more commonly affected by Thromboangiitis Obliteran [ Buerger's disease ]?Men ages 25 to 40 who smoke, women making up 40% with disease
An occlusive vascular condition which small medium sized arteries become inflamed and thromboticBuerger's Disease
What is the primary of care to control and monitor Aneurysms?Hypertension
Occurs when the wall of an artery weakens resulting in bulging of the artery when it fills with bloodAneurysm
What are some Diagnostic tests for PVD? Peripheral vascular diseaseTreadmill test Plethysmography Digital substraction Doppler ultrasound D-Dimer
Absent Pulse0
Barely palpable, intermittent+1
Weak, thready but constantly palpable+2
Normal strength and quality+3
Bounding easily palpable may be visible+4
What may be needed to ck patient's pulses if PVD low vp edema or large amounts of subq tissue impede assessment?Doppler Ultrasound