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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
milliequivalentrefers to the concentration of electrolytes in a certain volume of solution, expressed as milliequivalent per liter (mEq/L)
numeratorthe "top" number of a fraction
denominatorthe "bottom" number of a fraction
percentits symbol, %, mean "hundredths"
fractionis called a "percentage"
proportionis a relationship between two ratios of equal value
meansthe inner terms of the proportion
extremesthe outer terms of the proportion
ratiois the relationship of one number or quantity to another number or quantity
dimensional analysis methodalso called factor labeling or the label factor method
body surface areais defined as the total area exposed to the outside environment
pharmacologyis the study of drugs (medications) & their action on the living body
metaboliteis a substance produced by metabolic action, which results in the breakdown of the drug
cumulativeincreasing by increments
dosageis the schedule of administration (amount & frequency) of a drug prescribed for the patient by the health care provider
therapeuticbeneficial
drug interactiona modification of the effect of a drug when administered with another drug
potentiation; or synergismwhen one drug increases the action or the effect of another drug
compatibilityis the quality or state of harmonious coexistence
agonista drug that produces a predictable response at the intended site of action
antagonistis a drug that blocks the action of another drug
idiosyncraticreaction to a drug results from the individual's unique hypersensitivity to it
toxicitydangerous buildup of a substance, & unexpected drug reactions
tolerancea reduced response to a drug over time
adverse drug reactiona harmful, unintended reaction to a drug administered at a normal dosage
enternalare absorbed within the GI tract
enteric-coatedtablets are encased by a coated shell that keeps the tablet from being absorbed in the stomach; absorption takes place in the intestines
pulverizedcrushed to a powder
graduatedhas markings indicating marked amount; total volume of cup is 30 mL, or 1oz or appropriate graduated syringe
meniscuscurved formed by liquid's upper surface
souffle cupungraduated disposable paper cup
percutaneous(through the skin or mucous membrane) include lotions, ointments, creams, & powders
sublingualunder the tongue
buccalin the cheek
total applicationsapplied to the skin
irrigationsinvolve a gentle washing of an area with a stream of solution delivered through a syringe
parenteralroutes are those other than the digestive system route
ampulesglass containers accessed by snapping off the top part of the ampule with a collar, gauze, or alcohol swab
syringeconsists of a barrel, a plunger,
lumenthe inside of the hollow shaft
gaugea standard or scale of measurement
intermittent venous access device(commonly called a saline lock, previously called a heparin lock) is an IV infusion device with male adapters covered by diaphragms for the administration of intermittent infusions & as an access site for emergency drug infusion
patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)is a drug-delivery system that dispenses a preset IV dose of an opiod analgesic into a patient's vein when the patient pushes a button that is connected to the PCA system via a cord
drip factoran apparatus that is used to deliver measured amounts of IV solutions of specific flow rates that are based on the size of drops of the solution
anaphylactic shocka severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction
liter(L)volume (amount) of fluids
gram(g)weight of solids
meter(m)measure of length
deca10 times the unit
hecto100 times the unit
kilo1000 times the unit
1 liter (L)1000 milliliters (mL)
0.001 liter (L)1 milliliter (mL)
1 milliliter (mL)1 cubic centimeter (cc)
1 gram (g)1000 milligrams (mg)
0.001 gram (g)1 milligram (mg)
1 kilogram (kg)1000 grams (g)
0.001 kilogram (kg)1 gram (g)
30 milliliters (mL)1 fluid ounce (fl oz)
500 milliliters (mL)1 pint (pt)
1000 milliliters (1L)1 quart (qt)
60 milligrams (mg)1 grain (gr)
1000 milligrams (mg)15 grains (gr XV)
30 grams (g)1 ounce (oz)
0.45 kilogram (kg)1 pound (lb)
1 kilogram (kg)2.2 pounds (lb)
1 teaspoon (tsp)5 mL
1 tablespoon (tbs)15 mL
1 ounce30 mL
1 cup240 mL
Nursing responsibilities in solving dosage problemscheck whether the answers reasonable, do not allow any errors in calculating, recheck calculations, reduce distractions, work problems systematically & carefully, & perform dosage calculations independently; then ask another nurse to perform the same dosage calculation problem, & check answers
method of calculationused most commonly for dosages of medications for infants & children, but it can be used for a patient of any age
Factors the health care provider should consider when administering meds for a child?age, weight, body surface area, & the ability of the child to absorb, metabolize, & excrete medication
Young's rulea method of calculating the appropriate dose of a drug for a child 2 years of age & older; Age of child/Age of child + 12 multiply Average adult dose = Child's dose
Clark's ruleanother method of calculating the appropriate dosage of a drug for a child, in this rule the child's weight is used to determine dosage; Weight of child in pounds/150 multiply Average adult dose = Child's dose
Fried's ruleis used to calculate appropriate dosages for infants younger than 2 years; Age in months/150 multiply Average adult dose = Child's dose
What are drugs used for?to restore & maintain the healthy functioning of body tissues, organs, & systems & in diagnostic procedures
pharmaceutical phasefrom the manufacturing of the drug until the absorption of the drug in the patient's body
pharmacokinetic phaseinvolves the movement of the drug's active ingredients from the body fluids into the patient's system & to the site where the intended action of the drug takes place
pharmacodynamic phasethe drug's active ingredient interacts with the intended body tissues
What is necessary to assess & consider when administering drug?patient's hepatic (liver) & renal (kidney) functions because decrease hepatic & renal function has the potential to prolong the length of time a drug stays in the body & may continue to be active
toxicharmful
lethaldeadly
livermain organ that inactivates & metabolizes drug
kidneysthe principal organs that eliminate the metabolites of drugs from the body
dose of medicinerefers to a single administration of a drug
Terms used with medication ordersstat, now, one time only, & prn (give as necessary)
statmedications that are planned to mange an emergency patient condition; have the highest priority ranking; need to be completed before other orders; time of actual administration must be documented; order is a one time only dose
nowhigh in priority but should be completed after stat orders
one time onlymedication is to be administered as a single dose
prn (give as necessary)patient is permitted to request this medication, or the nurse may offer it; must specify a definite time interval between permitted repeat administrations
What 2 types of action do medications produce in patient's bodylocal & systemic
local action by a drugproduces an effect only in the area where the drug has been placed
systemic actionaffects the entire body, because the drug enters the patient's systemic circulation
drug compatibilitythe ability to administer medications together easily without any difficulty for the patient
drug incompatibilitythe medications do not combine well chemically or physically; should not be given together
cardiotonicsdrugs that slow & strengthen the heart
antihypertensivesdrugs that lower blood pressure
hypoglycemic agentsoral medications that lower blood glucose level
insulininjectable medication that lowers blood glucose level
heparinmedication that decreases the clotting of blood
What must the nurse be knowledgeable about with medications?agonistic & antagonistic effects
naloxone hydrochloride(narcan)common antagonist prescribed
The patient who has developed tolerance to a drug requires?a larger dose of the drug to achieve the same effect that a smaller therapeutic dose once produced
How do patients develop a drug tolerance to a drug?From taking increasing dosages of the drug over time or may result from genetic factors that are unique to the individual
To establish baseline informationthe patient should be assessed before & after a new medication is started
Never give any medication that you are not familiar with to a patient without doing what first?accessing information about it from an approved facility resource
contraindicationsconditions in which the drug should not be used
Factors that may affect how patients respond to medicationage, weight, gender, ethnicity, physical condition, psychological status, environmental temperature, amount of food in the stomach, route of administration
The trade nameis the brand name given to it by the manufacturer; usually short readily recognized, easy to spell, & easy to pronounce; first letter is capitalized
The generic nameusually longer, may refer to the chemical composition of the medication & is not capitalized
The suffixes provideinformation about the classification & uses of medications
Health care provider's order includespatient's name, date of birth, date & time of the order, name of the drug, dosage of the drug including size & frequency, route of administration, signature of the health care provider, & any special instructions