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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection4 minutes
Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection4 minutes
Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection4 minutes
Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection4 minutes
Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection4 minutes
Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection4 minutes
Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection4 minutes
Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection4 minutes
Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection4 minutes
Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection4 minutes
Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection4 minutes
Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection4 minutes
Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection4 minutes
Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection4 minutes
Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection4 minutes
Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection4 minutes
Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection4 minutes
Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection4 minutes
Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection4 minutes
Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection4 minutes
Urine is normally __% water and __% solutes,95 to 5%
Primary organic component. Product of protein and amino acid metabolismUrea
Product of creatine metabolism by musclesCreatinine
Product of nucleic acid breakdown in food and cellsUric acid
Primary inorganic component. Found in combination with sodium (table salt) and many other inorganic substancesChloride
Combined with chloride and other saltsPotassium
Combines with sodium to buffer the bloodPhosphate
Regulates blood and tissue fluid acidityAmmonium
Combines with chloride, sulfate, and phosphateCalcium
a decrease in urine outputOliguria
An increase in the nocturnal excretion of urine is termed ___nocturia
an increase in daily urine volumePolyuria
results from a decrease in the production or function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH); thus, the water necessary for adequate body hydration is not reabsorbed from the plasma filtrate.Diabetes insipidus
Following collection, specimens should be delivered to the laboratory promptly and tested within __ to __ hours.1 to 2
A specimen that cannot be delivered and tested within 2 hours should be refrigerated or have an appropriate chemical preservative added.True
The most routinely used method of preservation is?refrigeration at 2°C to 8°C
This is the most commonly received specimen because of its ease of collection and convenience for the patient. may be collected at any time useful for routine screening tests to detect obvious abnormalities.Random
ideal screening specimen It is also essential for preventing false-negative pregnancy tests evaluating orthostatic proteinuria deliver it to the laboratory within 2 hours or keep it refrigeratedFirst Morning Specimen
used to produce accurate quantitative results Quantitative chemical tests Can be any of the following: 2 hours 12 hours 24 hours afternoon Fasting (second morning)24-Hour (or Timed) Specimen
This specimen is collected under sterile conditions by passing a hollow tube (catheter) through the urethra into the bladder The most commonly requested test on a catheterized specimen is a bacterial culture.Catheterized Specimen
As an alternative to the catheterized specimen, the midstream clean-catch specimen provides a safer, less traumatic method for obtaining urine for bacterial culture and routine urinalysis. It provides a specimen that is less contaminated by epithelial cells and bacteria and, therefore, is more representative of the actual urine than the routinely voided specimen For Routine screeningMidstream Clean-Catch Specimen
Occasionally urine may be collected by external introduction of a needle through the abdomen into the bladder. provides a sample for bacterial culture that is completely free of extraneous contamination. The specimen can also be used for cytologic examination.Suprapubic Aspiration
2- Hour Post Prandial Urine SpecimenUsed for screening and monitoring diabetes mellitus patients
Used for quantitative examination of urinary sediments12- hour Urine Specimen
Collected between 2PM-4PM Best for determinatio of bilirubin and urobolinogenAfternoon Urine Specimen
Used to check kidney function Result obtained are quantified and are expressed as units per 24 hours24-hour Urine Specimen
he most vulnerable part of a drug-testing program May be "witnessed" or "unwitnessed"Drug Specimen
the process that provides this documentation of proper sample identification from the time of collection to the receipt of laboratory results.chain of custody (COC)
Drug specimen should attain __ to __ mL of urine30-45 mL
Drug Specimen should be taken within __ minutes from the time collection4 minutes
Necessary to be tested for the presence of bacteria Most hospital provides a sterile disposable urine container Male and Female patients should be instructed to carefully collect desired urine specimen Written instructions must be availableMidstream Clean- Catch
This type of specimen must contain all the urine produced by the patient in a 24 hour period. Collection may usually begin at a designated morning hour24 hour-urine specimen
Urine specimen for bacteriological studies must not be preserved.True
If the urine is not possibly tested within 1-2 hours, urine may be refrigerated at __c to __c for ___hours only.4c to 8c and 24 hours
Used by automated reagent strip readers Measure the light reflected from the reagent strip color pads and compare the amount of reflected light with a known standard The concentration of a specific substance and concentration units are displayed on the reader’s displayREFLECTANCE PHOTOMETRY
Identify sediment elements in a urine sample measures sediment conductivity and light scatter Conductivity is based upon the impedance of sediments and counts the numbers of pulses Identification depends on how the light is scattered by the sediment.LASER-BASED FLOW CYTOMETRY, IMPEDANCE & LIGHT SCATTER
Assesses SPECIFIC GRAVITY Method based upon densitometryHARMONIC OSCILLATION
Identifies specific sediments Involves the movement of single urine sediments past the optics of a microscope to allow sediments to flow in several planes plane past the microscope objective Questionable findings are viewed on a monitor for operator identification and confirmationHYDRODYNAMIC FOCUSING
test for the chemical components of urine read and interpret the reagent strip results consistently Depending on the instrument and the reagent strip used, the following tests can be performed: leukocyte, nitrite, protein, blood, glucose, ketone, bilirubin, urobilinogen, pH, specific gravity, color, creatinine, and protein-to-creatinine ratio confirmation testing or microscopic evaluation.Semi-Automated Urine Chemistry Analyzers
designed for a high-volume urinalysis laboratory with user walk-away capability with the capability to insert a STAT specimen during the run Color is measured by either reflectance photometry or spectrophotometry Specific gravity is measured by refractive index methodology clarity is a measurement of transmitted or scattered lightFully Automated Urine Chemistry Analyzers
provide efficient standardized results in less than 1 minute Two automated urine cell analyzers are currently available in the United States: the Sysmex UF-1000i and the iQ 200 from Iris Diagnostics.Automated Microscopy
Uses laser-based flow cytometry that measures forward light scatter, side scatter, fluorescence staining characteristics, and adaptive cluster analysis to identify stained urine sediment particles 4 mL of uncentrifuged urine is aspirated Resulting values are presented in quantitative cells per microliter and cells per high- or low-powered field. Thresholds to be flagged for primary elements can be established and abnormal results are flagged for confirmatory review The UF-1000i can be used independently or integrated with an automated urine chemistry strip reader to create a complete urinalysis systemSysmex UF-1000i
Uses digital imaging and APR Can be used for body fluid cell counts by adding the body fluids software Mixes samples and aspirates approximately 1 mL of urine to a planar flow celliQ 200
Combining automated urine chemistry analyzers and automated urine cell analyzers Using similar sample racks and moving on a conveyor system, samples are easily transferred from one instrument to the next, providing a complete walkaway capability can independently perform both physical and chemical testing, microscopy analysis, and a combination of both.Automated Urinalysis Systems
cells are first mixed with reagent fixative and then counted differentials counting enumerates numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils automated cell counters use larger numbers of cells, enhancing precision and accuracyAutomated Body Fluid Analysis Systems
First automated instrument with an FDA-approved automated CSF assayADVIA120 Hematology System
SQA-V automates sperm counts and motility has a two-channel measurement system that interacts with a specially designed testing capillary that contains the semen sample In approximately 1 minute, thousands of signals are “read” resulting in exceptional accuracy and precision. Automating the motility analysis eliminates reader subjectivity and variance among technologistsAUTOMATION OF SEMEN ANALYSIS
Quantitative human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is one such test that is interpreted by the VEDALAB Easy Reader. Integrated software analyzes the images and records the resultsAUTOMATION OF URINE PREGNANCY
Terminology used to describe the color of normal urine may differ slightly among laboratories but should be consistent within each laboratoryNormal Urine Color
Urine color: Colorless Cause?Recent fluid consumption
Urine color: Pale Yellow Cause?Polyuria or diabetes insipidus
Urine color: Dark yellow Cause?Concentrated specimen B complex vitamins Dehydration -fever or burns Bilirubin-
Yellow foam when shaken and positive chemical test results for ?Bilirubin
Negative bile test results and possible green fluorescenceAcriflavine
Antibiotic administered for urinary tract infectionsNitrofurantoin
Urine color: Orange-yellow Cause?Phenazopyridine (Pyridium) Phenindione
Drug commonly administered for urinary tract infectionsPhenazopyridine (Pyridium
Anticoagulant, orange in alkaline urine, colorless in acid urinePhenindione
Urine color: Yellow-green Cause?Bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin
Urine color: Green Cause?Pseudomonas infection
Urine color: Blue Cause?Amitriptyline Methocarbamol (Robaxin) Clorets Indican Methylene blue Phenol
Urine color: Pink Cause?RBCs
Urine color: Red Cause?Hemoglobin Myoglobin-Clear urine with positive chemical test results for blood; muscle damage Beets-Alkaline urine of genetically susceptible persons Rifampin- Tuberculosis medication Menstrual contamination- Cloudy specimen with RBCs, mucus, and clots
Urine color: Wine red Cause?Porphyrins
Urine color: Red-brown Cause?RBCs oxidized to methemoglobin
Urine color: Brown Cause?Homogentisic acid (alkaptonuria)
Urine color: Black Cause?Malignant melanoma Melanin or melanogen Phenol derivatives Argyrol (antiseptic) Methyldopa or levodopa Metronidazole (Flagyl)
If bilirubin is present, it will be detected during the chemical examination; however, its presence is suspected if ____ foam appears when the specimen is shakenYellow
Normal urine produces only a small amount of rapidly disappearing foam when shaken, and a large amount of white foam indicates an increased concentration of___.Protein
Melanin is an oxidation product of the colorless pigment, melanogen, produced in excess when a ___ is present.malignant melanoma
Red urine--Cloudy---means?Red blood cells present (Hematuria)
Red urine-- Clear--Red plasma--mean?Hemoglobinuria
Red urine-- Clear-- Clear plasma-- mean?Myoglobinuria
Urine clarity has No visible particulates, transparentClear
Urine clarity has Few particulates, print easily seen through urineHazy
Urine clarity has Many particulates, print blurred through urineCloudy
Urine clarity Print cannot be seen through urineTurbid
Urine clarity has May precipitate or be clottedMilky
Nonpathologic Causes of Urine Turbidityquamous epithelial cells Mucus Amorphous phosphates, carbonates, urates Semen, spermatozoa Fecal contamination Radiographic contrast media Talcum powder Vaginal creams
Pathologic Causes of Urine TurbidityRBCs WBCs Bacteria Yeast Nonsquamous epithelial cells Abnormal crystals Lymph fluid Lipids
Specific gravity of urine?0.010
used to describe urine with a specific gravity of 1.010isosthenuric
used to describe urine with a specific gravity of below 1.010hyposthenuric
used to describe urine with a specific gravity of above 0.010hypersthenuric
determines the concentration of dissolved particles in a specimen by measuring refractive indexRefractometry
is a comparison of the velocity of light in air with the velocity of light in a solution. The concentration of dissolved particles present in the solution determines the velocity and angle at which light passes through a solutionRefractive index
The refractometer provides the distinct advantage of determining specific gravity using a small volume of specimen (one or two drops).True
a drop of urine is placed on the prism, the instrument is focused at a good light source, and the reading is taken directly from the specific gravity scale. The prism and its cover should be cleaned after each specimen is tested.refractometer
The refractometer is calibrated using ____that should read 1.000.distilled water
HAS A principle of Changes in colligative properties by particle numberOsmolality
HAS A principle of pKa changes of a polyelectrolyte by ions presentReagent strip
has provided a convenient way to perform the routine urinalysis by eliminating the need for an additional procedureReagent Strip Specific Gravity
Although it is seldom of clinical significance and is not a part of the routine urinalysis, urine odor is a noticeable physical property.True
Freshly voided urine has a faint ____aromatic odor
Freshly voided urine has a faint aromatic odor. As the specimen stands, the odor of ___ becomes more prominent. The breakdown of ___ is responsible for the characteristic ammonia odorammonia and urea
Urine Odor: Aromatic Cause?Normal
Urine Odor:Foul, ammonia-like Cause?Bacterial decomposition, urinary tract infection
Urine Odor:Fruity, sweet Cause?Ketones (diabetes mellitus, starvation, vomiting)
Urine Odor:Maple syrup Cause?Maple syrup urine disease
Urine Odor:Mousy Cause?Phenylketonuria
Urine Odor:Sweaty feet Cause?Isovaleric acidemia
Urine Odor:Cabbage Cause?Methionine malabsorption
Urine Odor: Bleach Cause?Contamination
The normal yellow color of urine is produced by:Urochrome
The unit of osmolality measured in the clinical laboratory is theOsmole
Factors affecting uine colora. Physical activities b. Ingested materials c. Metabolic function
Fully Automated Urine Chemistry Analyzers use either __________ or __________to measure color.reflectance photometry; spectrophotometry
Semi-Automated Urine Chemistry Analyzers are designed for a high-volume urinalysis laboratory with user walk-away capability.False
Drug Specimen is the most vulnerable part of drug testing program and requires at least 50 mL of urine to be submitted in the laboratoryFalse (30-35mL)
Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection4 minutes