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level: Case 3

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Case 3

QuestionAnswer
what are the different sizes of PMs and where to they come from?PM10 (thoracic) -> construction sites, mining sites, paved roads, farming PM2.5 (fine) -> forest fires, volcanos, coal-powered power-stations, factories PM0.1 (ultrafine) -> man-made e.g. cosmetics
what do DEPs compose of and how are they generated?diesel exhaust particles can be found in diesel exhaust along with gases, it consists of a carbon core with metal and organic compounds on the surface, they can form aggregates. they are generated with the incomplete combustion of fuel.
which PMs get where in the lungs when inhaled?PM10 -> do not get into the lungs, are removed/eliminated in the trachea PM2.5 -> get to the alveoli PM0.1 -> get to the alveoli and can be diffused into the blood stream
how do PMs activate the local inflammatory response?1. the PMs are sensed by PRRs 2. the alveolar macrophages release TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) 3. macrophages can become antigen-presenting cells 4. alveolar and airway epithelial cells are stimulated to produce chemokines
how does the local inflammatory response of the PMs become the systemic inflammatory response?1. the macrophages produce granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-1beta, which both stimulate the leukocyte production and release from the bone marrow 2. the macrophages also produce IL-6, which stimulate the liver hepatocytes, leading to a production of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen and antiproteases. it also increases the production of platelets.
what are the reactive oxygen species? and are they radicals or non-radicalsradicals: superoxide, hydroxyl, peroxyl, alloxyl non-radicals: hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorus acid, ozone, singlet oxygen
how are hydroxyl radicals generated?Fenton reaction: hydrogen peroxide reacts with iron or copper (Fe2+ + H2O2 →Fe3+ + •OH + OH−) Haber-Weiss reaction; hydrogen peroxide reacts with superoxide (O2•−+ H2O2 → O2 + •OH + OH−)
what defense mechanism protects the body against ROS?antioxidants, they donate an electron to the radicals to neutralize them
what are the most important enzyme antioxidants and what do they do?catalase: converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen 2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2 superoxide dismutase ROOH + 2 GSH → GSSG + H2O + ROH glutathione peroxidase: converts superoxide into hydrogen peroxide O2 - + O2 - + 2H+ → H2O2 + O2
what are the results of oxidative stress?it can damage cell structures like DNA, cell membranes, proteins, lipids, lipoproteins and it can cause many types of diseases (cardiovascular, renal, neurological, respiratory)