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level: 10.4 Investigating diversity

Questions and Answers List

level questions: 10.4 Investigating diversity

QuestionAnswer
What changes during evolution- Organism's phenotypes + molecular structure
DNA determines- The proteins of an organism including its enzymes which determine the features of an organism
Different techniques in comparing genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships- Observable characteristics - Base sequence of DNA (genome sequencing) - Base sequence of mRNA - Amino acid sequence of proteins
Observable characteristics- How genetic diversity was observed in the past - Observable characteristics determined by genes (with environmental influences) - Variety within characteristics depends on no. + variety of alleles of that gene (+ environmental influences)
Problem with using observable characteristics- Many characteristics coded by more than 1 gene, polygenic - Vary continuously, difficult to distinguish 1 from another - Characteristics can be modified by environment
Base sequence of DNA (genome sequencing)- DNA base sequence of 1 organism can be compared with another, to see how closely related they are - Closely related species will have higher % of similarity in their DNA base order - Comparing DNA base sequences of the same gene in different organisms in pop. - Can see how many alleles of that gene are in pop.
Base sequence of mRNA- mRNA is coded by for by DNA - Base seq. on mRNA are complementary to those of the strand of DNA from which they were made - We can measure diversity by comparing the base seq. of mRNA
Amino acid sequence of proteins- Sequence of amino acids determined by base seq. - Related organisms have similar DNA sequences, so similar amino acid sequences in their proteins - The more similar to more closely related
Immunological comparisons- Similar proteins will also bind to the same antibodies - Antibodies of one species will respond to specific antigens on proteins such as albumin in the blood serum of another
Serum- Clear liquid that is left after blood has clotted and the clot has been removed - So, its blood plasma without the clotting factors
Process of immunological comparison of proteins (1)- HUMAN SERUM IS EXTRACTED
Process of immunological comparison of proteins (2)- THIS IS INJECTED INTO THE RABBIT
Process of immunological comparison of proteins (3)- THE RABBIT PRODUCES ANTIBODIES AGAINST THE ANTIGENS IN THE HUMAN SERUM
Process of immunological comparison of proteins (4)- THE RABBITS SERUM CONTAINING THE ANTIBODIES IS EXTRACTED
Process of immunological comparison of proteins (5)- THE RABBIT ANTIBODIES CAUSES THE ANTIGENS IN THE SERUM TO PRECIPITATE
Process of immunological comparison of proteins (6)- THE EXTRACTED RABBIT SERUM IS THE MIXED WITH SERUM FROM OTHER SPECIES. (E.G. GORILLA,CHIMP)
Process of immunological comparison of proteins (7)- THE MORE RELATED THE TWO SPECIES ARE THE GREATER THE NUMBER OF ANTIGENS THEY HAVE IN COMMON SO THE GREATER THE AMOUNT OF PRECIPITATION