Buscar
Estás en modo de exploración. debe iniciar sesión para usar MEMORY

   Inicia sesión para empezar

level: 5.7 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Questions and Answers List

level questions: 5.7 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

QuestionAnswer
HIV meaning- Human immunodeficiency virus
Structure of HIV- RNA + some proteins (e.g reverse transcriptase) - Proteins coat, capsid - Lipid envelope - Attachment proteins - Retroviruses
HIV replication inside host cells- Attachment proteins binds to complementary receptor on host helper T cells - Genetic material inserted into cell - Host cell enzymes used to make viral proteins from viral DNA - Viral proteins assembled into new viruses, leaves cell to infect others
Reverse transcriptase in binary fission of HIV- Makes complementary strand of DNA from viral RNA template - Makes double-stranded DNA - Inserted into human DNA
How HIV causes AIDS- Kills or interferes helper T cells - Immune system cannot stimulate B cells or cytotoxic T cells - More susceptible to infections + cancers
How antibiotics work- Kills bacteria by interfering with their metabolic processes - Only targets bacterial enzymes + ribosomes - Don't damage human cells
Why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses- Viruses use host cell's enzymes + ribosomes - Antibiotics cant inhibit them because they don't target human cells
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors- Most antiviral drugs target virus-specific enzymes - HIV uses reverse transcriptase to replicate - Human cells don't use it, so drug can inhibit virus without affecting host cell
The ELISA test- Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - Used to see if someone has antibodies to a certain antigen - Can test for pathogenic infections, allergies
How ELISA test works- Has an antibody which has an enzyme attached to it - This enzyme can react with a substrate to produce coloured product - If there's a colour change, shows antigen or pathogen is present
Different types of ELISA tests- Direct ELISA, uses 1 antibody - Indirect ELISA, uses 2 different antibodies
Treatment and control of HIV + AIDS- HIV does not kill individuals directly - No cure or vaccine - Antiviral drugs can slow progression of HIV - Controlled by avoiding unprotected sex, and exchanging bodily fluids