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level: 3.4 Eukaryotic cell structure

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level questions: 3.4 Eukaryotic cell structure

QuestionAnswer
Eukaryotic cells- Animal, plant, algae and fungi cells
The structure of eukaryotic cells- Cell-surface membrane - Nucleus - Mitochondria - Chloroplasts (in plants and algae) - Golgi apparatus and Golgi vesicles - Lysosomes - Ribosomes - Rough + smooth endoplasmic reticulum - Cell wall (in plants, algae and fungi) - Cell vacuole (in plants)
The nucleus structure- The nuclear envelope - Nucleur pores - Nucleoplasm - Chromosomes - Nucleolus
The nuclear envelope- Double membrane with endoplasmic reticulum - Controls exit and entry of materials
Nuclear pores- Allows passage of large molecules like mRNA
Nucleoplasm- Granular jelly-like substance that makes up most of the nucleus
Chromosomes- Consisits of DNA
Nucleolus- Small spherical region - Makes ribosomal RNA
The mitochondrion structure- Double membrane - Cristae, extensions of the inner membrane - The matrix, contains enzymes involved in respiration
The mitochondrion function- Site of aerobic respiration, produces ATP - They are found in large numbers - very active, require lots of energy
Chloroplasts structure- The chloroplast envelope, double membrane - The grana make up thylakoids, thylakoids has chlorophyll - Stroma, fluid-filled matrix, where second stage of photosynthesis occurs
How chloroplasts are adapted for its function- The granal membranes, LSA for attachment of chlorophyll that attach to membrane in highly ordered fashion - The stroma, has enzymes needed to make sugars in photosynthesis - Has DNA + ribosomes, quickly make proteins for photosynthesis
Endoplasmic reticulum structure- 3D sheet-like membranes in the cytoplasm - The membranes have a network of tubules and flattened sacs called cisternae
The two types of endoplasmic reticulum- Rough endoplasmic reticulum - Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum- Has ribosomes on outer membrane surface - LSA for synthesis of proteins + glycoproteins - Provide a pathway for the transport of materials
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum- Lacks ribosomes on outer membrane surface - More tubular - Synthesises, stores and transports lipids + carbohydrates
Golgi apparatus- Membrane-bound flattened sacs - Vesicles are at the edges of the sacs
Golgi apparatus function- It processes and packages new lipids and proteins - Makes lysosomes
Golgi vesicles structure- A small fluid-filled sac - Surrounded by a membrane - Made by the Golgi apparatus
Golgi vesicles function- Stores lipids and proteins made by Golgi apparatus - Transports them out of cell
Lysosome structure- A round organelle surrounded by a membrane - No clear internal structure - Type of Golgi vesicle
Lysosome function- Has enzymes, lysozymes - These separate from cytoplasm through the membrane - Digests invading cells or worn out cell parts
Ribosome structure- Very small organelle - Made up of proteins and RNA - Not surrounded by membrane
Ribosome function- Protein synthesis
Cell wall structure- Rigid - Surrounds cells in plants, algae and fungi - In plants + algae made from carbohydrate cellulose - In fungi made of chitin
Cell wall function- Supports cells - Prevents cell from changing shape
Cell vacuole structure- Membrane-bound, called tonoplast - Found in cytoplasm of plant cells - Contains cell sap, sugars and slats
Cell vacuole function- Maintain pressure, keeping cell rigid - This stops plants wilting - Involved in isolation of unwanted chemicals