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level: chapter 33

Questions and Answers List

level questions: chapter 33

QuestionAnswer
what can you do to best meet the challenge of delivering age-appropriate careknow the difference between normal aging vs illness or disease-related changes and be able to assess effectively in older adults with delirium, dementia, and depression
define common theories of aging; programmed agingcells in the body can reproduce only 40 to 60 times; aging takes place when more and more cells no longer have the capacity to regenerate themselves
define common theories of aging; genetic factorspeople inherit a genetic program that determines their specific life expectancy
define common theories of aging; immunologicthe immune system becomes less effective or less able to distinguish between foreign and host cells aging is a consequentially diminished protection from infection or disease, and the immune system destroying body cells that it misreads as defective of foreign
define common theories of aging; wear and tearcells from the body wear out from internal and external stress, including chemical damage, trauma, or dysfunction of the body systems, and build up of waste product
brittle nails are often associated withfluctuations in hormones that occur during menopause
when fluid deficit is caused by older adult trying to control incontinence, the most inappropriate intervention isto make fluids readily available and toilet facilities more easily accessible
define stress incontinenceinvoluntary loss of small amount of urine with increased abnormal pressure, such as coughing or sneezing
urge incontinenceassociated with cystitis, urethritis, tumors, stones, and CNS disorders such as stroke, dementia, and Parkinson's disease
overflow incontinencewhen a chronologically full bladder increases bladder pressure to a higher level than urethral resistance is able to counter, resulting in small volume of urine
functional urinary incontinenceoccurs as a result of inability or willingness to get to the toilet because of physical limitations, depression, or confinement to bed or use of restraints
what is the leading cause of death in the USheart disease
what are nonmodifiable risk factors for heart attacksage, gender, and family history
what are modifiable risk factors for heart attackssmoking, high blood pressure, high fat diet, obesity, physical inactivity, and stress
what level of cholesterol raises risk for cardiac arrest130mg/dl
Dysrhythmias cause the heart to beless effective in supplying blood to the body and have the potential to lead to heart failure
nursing interventions for PVD (peripheral vascular disease)circulation, including walking to stimulate venous return, avoid standing one place for to long, and not crossing the legs
what provides support for varicose veinscompression stockings
what happens to oxygen in older adultsoxygen-carrying capacity (hemoglobin) is often diminished
the most frequently occurring fractures aiming older adults arehip, vertebral, and clavicular
a significant % of patients with hip facts die withinone year after injury
define osteoporosisa systemic skeletal disease, and is one of the most common conditions is older women
what are the characteristics of osteoporosislow bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue resulting in a significantly increased risk of fractures
fractures are possible in the course of routine activities such asbending, lifting, coughing, and straining at stool
Osteoporosis of the spinal vertebrae may causeloss of height of 1 1/2"-3" or kyphosis
what medication is typical used for osteoporosisaldendronate (Fosamax), risedronate(Actonel), zoledronic acid (reclast), and ibandronate (Boniva)
what does the osteoporosis medications dobone density and lessen the rate of bone loss
age-related vision problems also includenarrowing of the peripheral field of vision, decreased ability to focus on near objects, and a decrease in visual acuity as the pupil becomes smaller and less responsive to light
nervous system changes related to age includedecline in number of brain cells and peripheral nerve cells and fibers, and synaptic changes that affect transmission and the sensitivity of target cells to neurotransmitters
delirium is not a disease of the nervous system; it is a syndrome that results from one or more of the following such asfever or infection, dehydration or malnutrition, electrolyte imbalance, sleep deprivation, alcohol or drug use or abusee or withdrawal, pain, medications, physiological conditions resulting win inadequate oxygen to the brain
MID( multiinfarct dementia, vascular dementia) is thesecond most common cause of dementia in older adults
risk factors fro developing MID includearteriorsclerosis, blood dyscrasis, cardiac decompensation, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, cardiac valve replacement etc
what is the leadingl cause of accidental death in individuals older than 65falls; approximately 25% of adults older than 65 fall each year