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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
Definition of FiltrationPassive process where the water and other small molecules are driven through a selective filter by the gradient of hydrostatic pressure
Damage to what can lead to proteinuriaBasement membrane so protein leak pass and is present in urine
Why does constant pressure need to be maintained and howWhy --> To allow maintain filtration and efficient reabsorption How --> By changing arteriole resistance --> done by the number of contractions of smooth muscles in the walls
What happens to the arterioles if the GFR is too lowAfferent arterioles respond by dilating and efferent arterioles constrict This leads to pressure drop from renal artery to glomerular capillary therefore results in increase in glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure, hence there is increased filtrate
What happens if the GFR is too highAfferent arterioles constrict while efferent arterioles dilate Leads to decrease in glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure, and therefore decrease GFR, while dilation makes it easier for blood to leave the glomerular capillary, therefore ↓glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
What are the different factors affecting GFRMyogenic response → reflex and autoregulation ( FAST ) Macula Densa Tubuloglomerular feedback ( type of autoregulation and is slow ) Sympathetic Nervous System ( relatively fast ) Hormones → Angiotensin II , ANP, Aldosterone ( Slow )
What is the maximum rate at which glucose can be reabsorbedRenal threshold above this glucose will be found in urine ( glucosuria )
How can you measure GFRClinically creatinine is used since it is made at a constant rate and is not reabsorbed as a result the creatinine clearance gives a good estimate of GFR however some is secreted in the nephron so it is a little above the actual value
Renal clearance formulax = conc of x in urine * urine flow rate / conc of x in plasma
What can be used to measure the GFR rate and whycreatinine clearance is used Creatinine produced naturally at a relatively constant rate by the breakdown of muscles and Creatinine is not reabsorbed, but a small amount is secreted in the nephron Hence the GFR rate it gives is slightly higher but can still be used ( eGFR )
What is the site of major reabsorption in the kidneysThe PCT Around 67% of filtrate is reabsorbed from the PCT into the peritubular capillaries
What channels are located in the PCTNa+ K+ ATPase SGLT2 transporter - glucose and sodium co-transporter ( glucose is completely reabsorbed ) , important in type 2 diabetes management SLC transporter - Absorption of amino acids with Na+
In the descending loop of henle , what channels does it containPermenant aquaporins 1 channels to allow unrestricted movement of water from the descending loop leading to the filtrate becoming hypertonic Descending loop of henle reabsorbs 15% of water ( over 80% of water is reabsorbed at this point )
What channels does the ascending loop of henle containThe TAL consists of simple cuboidal epithelial cells that lack aquaporin-1 channels therefore the TAL is relatively impermeable to water Na+/K+ ATPase pumps in the basolasteral membrane create an electrochemical gradient that allows reabsorption of Cl– by Na+ /Cl– symporters in the apical membrane Leads to the formation of hypotonic fluid
What channels contained in the DCTApprox. 5% of the filtered Na+ is reabsorbed in the DCT. Mainly via the thiazide-sensitive Na+ -Cl-cotransporter (NCCT) Calcium ions are reabsorbed via a specific epithelial Ca2+ channel under the influence of PTH and calcitriol