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Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
What helps people stay health & live longer?improved sanitation, medications, immunizations, exercise, & nutrition
Factors identified as predictors of longevity?include health, happiness, avoidance of tobacco products & job satisfaction
life expectancythe number of years an individual probably will live, based on the average for others with similar characteristics
What is the average life expectancy for US 2015?79.3 years with women's life expectancy being longer than men
Life expectancy in US differ with?population groups; more income longer life expectancy
infant mortality raterefers to the number of deaths before 1; double in African American infants than white
What are the 4 overarching goals for population?to attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, & premature death to achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, & improve the health of all groups to create social & physical environments that promote good health for all to promote quality of life, healthy development & health behaviors across all life stages
Developmenta lifelong process that begins at conception, the beginning of pregnancy, & ends with death
What is development influenced by?a series of interacting events, including personal behaviors, genetics, & the environment
infancybirth to 1 year; learn to either trust or not trust that significant others will properly care for their basic needs
toddler1 to 3 years; children learn to be either self-sufficient in many activities (including toileting, feeding, walking, & talking) or doubt their own abilities
preschool3 to 5 years; children want to undertake many adult-like activities, sometimes going beyond the limits set by parents & feeling guilty because of it
school age6 to 12 years; children eagerly learn to be competent & productive or feel inferior & unable to do any task well
adolescence13 to 19 years; adolescents try to figure out their personal identity. They establish sexual, ethnic, & career identities or are confused about what future roles to play
early adulthood20 to 40 years; young adults seek companionship & love with another person or become isolated from others
middle adulthood40 to 65 years; Middle-aged adults are productive, performing meaningful work & raising a family, or become stagnant & inactive
late adulthood65 years & over; older adults try to make sense out of their lives, either seeing life as meaningful & whole or despairing at goals never reached & questions never answered
Living beings undergo continuous changes throughout lifespan such as?physical, such as replacement of cells, tissues, & fluids; involve cognition, communication, emotions, behavior, & feelings
Growthrefers to an increase in size & may involve the entire being or parts within
Developmentrefers to function & the gradual process of change & differentiation, from simple to complex
Cephalocaudal & Proximodistaltwo directional terms important to understanding growth & development
Cephalocaudalis defined as growth & development that proceeds from the head toward the feet; infant's head is large as compared with the rest of its body
Proximodistalrefers to growth & development that originates in the center of the body & moves toward the outside; infant gains control of the shoulders before developing control of the hands & fingers
What plays an important role in growth patterns?nutrition, heredity, & environment
Chromosonesthreadlike structure in the nucleus of a cell that function in the transmission of genetic information; blueprint for all inherited traits
Who has the same combinations of chromosomes (karyotype)?only identical twins
The process of division, transmission, & mixing of chromosomes accounts for?the variations in distinctive family traits or their continuity
conception( fertilization)the union of the sperm & ovum, which combines the genetic material of both parents; produces the unique individual; development begins
zygotethe developing ovum from the time it is fertilized until, as a blastocyst, it is implanted in the uterus, contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes; happens after fertilization
ovumalways carries an X chromosome
spermsometimes carries an X & sometimes a Y chromosome
The presence of a Y chromosome in the sperm that fertilizes the ovum means?baby will be male
If the fertilizing sperm has an X chromosome ?baby will be a female
Environmental factorsalso play a role in contributing to certain diseases or defects in the unborn
Teratogenis a substance, agent, or process that interferes with normal prenatal development , causing then formation of one or more developmental abnormalities in the fetus
Familythe basic unit of society; also first socializing agent for teaching children society's expectations & limitations
Basic functions inherent to the family unit?include protection, nurturance, education, sustenance, & socialization
Changes that have affected modern familiesEconomic changes, increase in the number of women in the workforce Feminist movement More effective birth control Legalization of abortion Postponement of marriage & childbearing Increase in divorce rate
Nuclear familynormal family composition; is a unit that consists of parents & their biologic offspring; gender-based roles assigned to its members but has been less prevalent in US for many decades
In the modern-day nuclear familyfather was the primary source of income
Extended familyconsists of the nuclear or traditional family & additional family such as grandparents, grandchildren, aunts, & uncles who live in the same household
What is common in extended family?a sharing of support, roles, & responsibilities
Extended family constitutesthe basic family structure in many societies
Single-parent familyexists today by choice or as the result of death, divorce, separation, or abandonment
More than 40% of single-parent families arethe result of divorce
Blended (reconstituted) familyalso called step family; is formed when adults remarry & bring together children from previous marriages; potentially presents many type of stresses
social contract family(cohabitation)involves an unmarried couple living together & sharing roles & responsibilities
homosexual familycomprises a same-sex couple; consists of biologic, adopted, or foster children
Transgender familymay consist of one or more parents who have had a gender reassignment or are gender nonconforming
adoptive familyis a family unit with adopted children; achieve the same fulfillment associated with parenting as those families created by natural procreation
Grandfamiliesrefer to families with children under the age of 18 years who live with or in the custody of grandparents; represents a growing demographic
What is the most common reason grandfamilies are becoming more prevalent?parental substance abuse
Foster familyresults when the biologic parents are unable or unwilling to provide adequate, safe care for their children; placement traditionally involve abuse or neglect
Family patternsrefer to the way in which family members relate to one another; example: autocratic, patriarchal, matriarchal, & democratic patterns
Autocratic family patternthe relationships are unequal; parents attempt to control the children with strict rigid rules & expectations; least open to outside influence
patriarchal family patternthe adult male (or males in the family) usually assumes the dominant role
The adult male family memberfunctions in the work role, is responsible for control of finances, & makes most decisions
matriarchal family patternalso known as the matrifocal family; the adult female (or females of the family) assumes primary dominance in areas of child care & homemaking & in financial decision making
democratic family patternthe adult members function as equal; children are treated with respect & recognized as individuals
What does democratic family patterns encourage?joint decision making, & it recognizes & supports the uniqueness of each individual member
What does democratic family pattern favor?negotiation, compromise, & growth
engagement or commitment stagebegins when the couple acknowledges to themselves & others that they are considering marriage
establishment stageextends from the wedding up until birth of the first child
What is one important tasks during the establishment stage?the adjustment from the single, independent state to the married, interdependent state
What are challenges newly married couples face?learning to live with another person & together managing two-person decision making, conflict resolution, & communication
marriageto the average young adult is an important serious change that requires major adjustments
expectant stagebegins with conception & continues through the pregnancy
Most important decision of a person's lifestarting a family
Pregnancy requiresphysiologic & psychological
Important decisions considered during pregnancychildbirth methods, continuation or modification of employment, child care, & feeding methods
What is the desired outcome of pregnancy?is that a bond or attachment is established between parents & the new baby
surrogacythe agreement of a women makes to be artificially inseminated, voluntarily or for a fee, to bear a child, & then relinquish the parenting rights to the baby's natural father or another couple
parenthood stagebegins at the birth or adoption of the first child
Transition to parenthoodis a major event
Common signs of stress in childrenmood swings, acting-out behavior, change in eating or sleeping, frequent stomachaches, headaches, or other unexplained somatic symptoms, excessive clinging to parents, thumb-sucking, bedwetting, return to behavior typical of an earlier stage of development
Compounding the lack of timeis the stress of parenting& the self-doubt about ability & competency in this new role
disengagement stagethat period of family life when grown children depart from there home; the role of parenting changes during this phase of life cycle
senescence stageis the last stage of the life cycle and requires the individual to cope with a large range of changes
The greater life expectancy for women meansolder women commonly outlive their spouses and continue life alone
The grand parenting role requiresnew adaptations, such as change in one's roles & sense of identity
Most common stressors that affect the family unitchronic illness, abuse, & divorce
Talking about what is causing the child's uneasy feelingshelps minimize the child's discomfort & helps bring about possible solutions
Factors that determine an individual's ability to cope with a family member's chronic illnessfinancial resources, family stability, & the adequacy of the support system
Alternative family patternsmore common in today's families often experience change & must adjust to new circumstances
Changes to the family's composition & economic factorshave resulted in more women in the labor force
Abuserefers to physical, emotional, financial, & verbal abuse, sexual assault, & neglect
Children younger than 1 year of agehave the highest rate of victimization, & the abuser is most commonly a parent
Early recognition, prompt reporting, & preventive measuresare called for to help detect & end all forms of abuse & neglect
Divorceis widespread; it continues to affect more than 1 million children annually
Fully appreciating the scope of human growth & developmentinvolves examining a few aspects of development across a larger spectrum
Erik Eriksonviewed the life cycle as a series of developmental stages, each accompanied by a developmental task or challenge
During infancythe unique ability of the brain to sort out basic sounds & to extract from sentences the most meaningful elements becomes apparent
The basic sequence of language; at 3 monthsbabbling; sounds they can make by enhancing the force of the air stream as it passes their vocal cords & by varying the positions of their tongue & mouth
The basic sequence of language; at 1 yearrecognition of words; the ability to produce holo phrases (one word sentences that convey a complete message "up")
Early speech oftenis referred to as telegraphic speech
How do infants acquire an understanding of the most meaningful units of speech?in organizing & coding language
Piaget focused onthe concept of cognitive development beginning in infancy & continuing throughout the childhood years
Piaget's Stages Of Cognitive Developmentsensorimotor, pre-operational thought, concrete operational thought, formal operational thought
Sensorimotor; Birth to 2 yearsuse senses & motor abilities to understand the world & coordinates sensorimotor skills; this period belongs with reflexes, develops schema, begins to interact with the environment, learns that an object still exist when it is out of sight & begins to remember & imagine experiences, develops thinking & goal-directed behavior
Formal Operational Thought; 12+ yearsuses a systematic, scientific problem-solving approach; recognizes past, present, & future; is able to think about abstractions & hypothetical concepts & is able to move in thought "from real to the impossible"; becomes more interested in ethics, politics, & all social & moral issues as ability to take a broader & more theoretic approach to experience increases
A common rule of thumb about the evolution of early speech acquisitionis that the number of words in average response usually corresponds to the chronologic age of the child
By the time the baby is 1 year of agethe birth weight has tripled (average weight is 21 1/2 pounds or 47.3 kg)
By 12 months of agethe infant's birth length has increased about 50%, the typical length is 30 inches
Primary dentition schedule; 6 monthsteething begins with eruption of 2 lower central incisors
Advise parents to begin toothbrushingafter the first teeth appear; this element of dental hygiene is important to continue throughout the lifespan
To prevent bottle mouth syndromeavoid putting anything but water in the infant's night bottle
Propping up the bottle & leaving the child alonepotentially leads to aspiration
Holding the infant during feeding provideswarmth, comfort, & bonding, all vital factors in providing a feeling of love & security
By the end of 7 monthsinfants have acquired the ability to sit up steadily without support
Only identical twinshave the same combinations of chromosomes (karyotype)
A possible 5% to 25% of unfavorable outcomes in all pregnanciesare estimated to be attributable to smoking; which may increase low birth weight babies
Families arecomposed of two or more individuals united by marriage, blood, adoption, emotional bonds, & social roles
The modern day family usually consists ofa husband & wife with or without children living in an independent household setting
success at marriagesatisfies Erikson's task of intimacy
Erikson defined the task of the infant asbasic trust versus mistrust
A concern for parents of young infantsis sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Safety steps to reduce the incidence of SIDS areback to sleep, no cigarette smoke exposure, avoid soft bedding or pillows, keep room well ventilated, breast-feed, maintain regular check-ups
Accidentsthe leading cause of injury & death in infants & young children
Essential to institute immediately at the birth of the child are?safety precautions
Toilet training begins18-24 months
Nighttime control is achievedafter daytime control is established
Completes the last phase of sensorimotor development12 to 24 months
Toddlersexpend a high level of energy in daily growth, play & exploration; needs 12 hours of sleep plus a daytime nap
Adequate rest & sleepare essential for maintaining optimal wellness
Play improvesmuscle coordination, balance, & muscle strength
Prevention methods must includesupervision & education
Developmental tasks of the toddlerrecognizes self as a separate person, develops increased attention span, communication skills, self-control skills, masters toilet-training basics, achieves independent mobility, & develops independent skills of daily living
Vision in the younger preschooleris described as farsighted, usually improves during this time
Amblyopia; lazy eye corrective measures arepatching the good eye, usually strengthen the lazy eye & prevent blindness
During school-age periodgrowth pattern is usually gradual & subtle; "growing pains" occur
Erikson identified the task of the school-age years asindustry versus inferiority
sensorimotor stagean infant's knowledge comes about primarily through sensory impressions & motor activities
schemaan innate knowledge structure that allows a child to mentally organize ways to behave in the immediate environment
preoperational thought stageperiod of early childhood; when the child focuses on the use of language as a tool to meet needs, the child has the emerging ability to think
concrete operational phasechildren in school years; thoughts become increasingly logical & coherent so that the child is able to classify, sort, & organize facts while still being incapable of generalizing or dealing with abstractions
school violencedefined as anything that physically or psychologically injures schoolchildren or damages school property
formal operational though stagea higher process that permits abstract reasoning & systematic, scientific problem solving
The adolescent diet is most likely to be deficient incalcium, zinc, & iron
increased amounts of milkusually are required to supplement the average diet to ensure an adequate calcium intake
Depressionis defined as a mood disturbance characterized by feelings of sadness, despair, & hopelessness
The body is at its optimal levelduring early adult years
Physical appearance is influenced byheredity, environment, & general state of wellness
When the senses are at their sharpest?during young adulthood
Visual acuity iskeenest at about age 20 years & does not begin to decline until about 40 years old
Erikson identified early intimacy versus isolation asthe developmental task of adulthood
The "virtue" that develops in young adulthood isthe virtue of love, or the mutuality of devotion between partners who have chosen to share their lives
What is the negative resolution of the task of adulthood & leads to isolation & self-absorption?the opposite of intimacy, the distancing of oneself from intimate relationships
Presbyopiaa defect in vision in advancing age that involves loss of accommodation or the recession of the near point caused by loss of elasticity of the crystalline lens & the ensuing change in close vision
Presbycusisa normal progressive, age-associated loss of hearing acuity, speech intelligibility, auditory threshold, & pitch
Perimenopausethe period of menopausal transition
Ageisma form of discrimination & prejudice against the older adult, is an unfortunate reality
The autoimmunity theory statesthat with aging, the body becomes less able to recognize or tolerate the "self"
The primary organs of the immune system (bone marrow & thymus)are believed to be affected by the aging process
As immune system function decreases,the risk of the development of infection & cancer increases
Wear & tear theoryage is not based on chronologic age but its determined by the amount of wear & tear experienced
Activity theorythe older person who is more active socially is more likely to adjust well to aging
Agingis a complex process that affects cells, tissues, & organs; highly individualized process like growth
Kyphosisan exaggeration of the thoracic curvature, may increase with aging; leads to a barrel-chest appearance
Benign forgetfulness is more common thanforgetfulness associated with Alzheimer's disease; greater loss of recent memory over remote memory
Factors important to continued cognitive functioninglevel of education, work roles, personality, health, lifestyle, & the relevancy or associated meaning of the tasks one is called on to perform
Some "practical" abilities may decline with agewhere others may remain stable or improve with age
health promotionbelief that individuals can have a strong influence on their health status
Factors that determine a person's state of healthenvironment, social patterns, diet, exercise, & personal habits
What also contributes to inadequate dietary intake for some people?Loneliness
older individualsneed more rest but less actual sleep
What is sleep for the older person often affected by?medications, alcohol, cafeeine, stress, & environmental noise & temperature
Peer relationships become significant?At school age
Late adulthood ismarked by a gradual slowing of the body's functioning