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level: stem cells

Questions and Answers List

level questions: stem cells

QuestionAnswer
what are three things scientists dont yet know about stem cells- how they stop dividing - how they don’t form neoplasms - how they find their way to damaged tissue
what are neoplasmsabnormal mass – ulcer, lesions, or growth- that is formed when cells grow and divide more than they should
define stem cell therapiesStem cell therapies are treatments for diseases that involve the use of stem cells
what are four things stem cells must be able to do before they can be used in treatments→ differentiate into the required tissue → they mustn’t be rejected by the immune system (ESCs are less likely to be rejected then ACS) → stem cells must be able to replicate themselves in a cultures in a laboratory → they must not retain the ability to divide indefinitely
what is bone marrow– fatty soft tissue found in bones – contains stem cells (haematopoietic stem cells) that give rise to new blood cells
what are haematopoietic stem cellsthey are stem cells that give rise to new blood cells
what are the stem cells found in bone marrowhaematopoietic stem cells
what are the two ways haematopoietic stem cells can be derivedcan either be derived from... - bone marrow - they can be collected from the donor’s blood (stem cells are filtered out of the blood and the rest of the blood is returned to the donor)
why are bone marry transplants helpfulthey can replace damaged blood cells or disease bone marrow
what are some examples of disorders that could be treated with a bone marrow transplant→ cancer – chemotherapy and radiotherapy can damage the stem cells in bone marrow → leukemia is a disease that effects the blood cells and patients may have disease stem cells → some disorders like aplastic anaemia can be caused by defective DNA or toxins that damage blood cells
what is another source of blood stem cells (haematopoietic stem cells)Blood stem cells can be derived from cord blood (blood from the umbilical cord) – contains “adult” stem cells
what are cord blood stem cellsthey are "adult" stem cells that can give rise to cells in the immune system and blood cells
what are some advantages of using stem cells derived from cord blood→ healthier and younger than adult stem cells → if it is collected it can be kept and if the donor needs a transplant later in life the cord blood stem cells would avoid rejection
what is one correct disorder being treated with cord blood stem cellsbeing used to treat type 1 diabetes – provides patients with new insulin producing cells
what are intestinal stem cellsthey are adult stem cells derived from the epithelial layer that covers the intestine – can repair itself quickly
when was the first viable intestinal stem cell collected2013
where can epidermal stem cells be foundskin
what stem cells does skin haveepidermal stem cells – can divide very quickly
how can epidermal stem cells treat burn patientsepidermal stem cells placed onto fibrin gel can grow until they form a layer of skin – can be used to replace the skin damaged by burns → can also be used to treat genetic skin condition
where are embryonic stem cells derived fromembryos that are 5-7 days old - usually derived from people who have attended invitro fertilisation – they donate their eggs after they have completed the program
what happens to embryonic stem cells after they are collectedthey are then cultured under idea condition so they can divide rapidly
what are some potential uses for embryonic stem cellsthey are pluripotent and can divide indefinitely so they can be used to treat many disorders, including degenerative neurological diseases - Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease - scientists could also potentially grow whole organs
what are some characteristics of embryonic stem cellsthey are pluripotent and can divide indefinitely
what are some downsides of embryonic stem cellsthey have limited uses at the moment as scientists are still finding out how to stimulate stem cells, so they grow into the required type of cell
what are induced pluripotent stem cellsadult cells that have been genetically engineered to acquire qualities such as becoming pluripotent and the ability to divide indefinitely (like embryonic stem cells)
are there any differences between embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cellsthey are derived differently, however it is unknown wether their is any clinical difference between the two
what are some potential uses of induced pluripotent stem cellscan be used to treat injuries and grow organs – they are pluripotent so they can replace any type of cell → in 2015 scientists grew mini beating hearts (hollow pulsating chambers) from these cells
what are tumoursa swelling of a part of the body, generally without inflammation, caused by an abnormal growth of tissue - they can be benign or malignant
what are teratomasthey are a rare type of tumor that can contain fully developed tissues and organs, including hair, teeth, muscle, and bone -> they grow from stem cells
what are some downsides of embryonic stem cells→ not yet possible to stimulate an ESC to differentiate into a certain cell type → are difficult to obtain due to ethical concerns → can form teratomas or tumours
what are adult stem cellsthey are rare, undifferentiated cells found in some adult tissues, and are usually only multipotent or unipotent
what are some characteristics of adult stem cellsthey are multipoint or unipotent they cant divide indefinitely
what does it mean for a stem cell to be immortalisedan immortalised stem cell has been genetically engineered to be able to divide indefinitely -> any stem cell can be immortalised
what is one advantage and two disadvantages of adult stem cells→ advantage - already programmed to differentiate into certain cell so can be used for specific treatments → disadvantage - they are also hard to obtain → disadvantage - can become tumorous