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level: Diet and Health

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Diet and Health

QuestionAnswer
what is energy balance?the balance of calorie intake compared to calories burned due to physical activity
why is energy balance important?humans need the right amount of calorie intake so that they do not become underweight or overweight and therefore be prone to sicknesses and disease
what does it mean when someone is underweight?the calorie intake is less than the calories burned
factors that show someone is underweightweakened immune system fragile bones feeling tired growth and development issues malnutrition fertility issues due to irregular menstrual cycles (in women)
what does it mean to be overweight?calorie intake is more than the calories burned
factors that show someone is overweightbreathing problems diseases such as cancer, type 2 diabetes and arthritis high cholesterol high blood pressure hardened arteries
`weight gainwhen excess calories taken in are stored as fats
monosaccharidessingle sugar units alpha/beta glucose
disaccharides2 single sugar units joined by glycosidic bond through a condensation reaction maltose = glucose + glucose lactose = glucose + galactose sucrose = glucose + fructose
polysaccharideslong chain of glucose molecules made up of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds starch, amylose, amylopectin, cellulose, glycogen
difference between starch and glycogenstarch is found in plants, glycogen is found in animals glycogen is made up of only one polymer starch is made up of two polymers - amylose and amylopectin
similarities between starch and glycogenboth made of alpha glucose both are branched so both contain 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds both are energy stores both are compact and insoluble
differences between amylose and amylopectinamylose is straight chain whilst amylopectin is branched amylose has only 1-4 bonds but amylopectin has 1-4 and 1-6 bonds
similarities between amylose and amylopectinboth make up starch both are made of alpha glucose both have 1-4 glycosidic bonds both are polysaccharides
how do monosaccharides join to form polysaccharides?a condensation reaction occurs water is released glycosidic bond forms between the OH groups on each monosaccharide
how do polysaccharides split up?hydrolysis reaction water is added
what is a triglyceride?a type of fat found in the blood stores energy made up of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
what bond forms to make triglycerides?ester bonds form between the glycerol and the fatty acids
what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated lipids?saturated don't have a carbon-carbon double bond but unsaturated do saturated lipids are solid at room temp whilst unsaturated are liquid at room temp due to weaker intermolecular forces
what is cholesterol?a soluble lipid that is transported around the body by lipoproteins
what are HDLs?high density lipoproteins 'good cholesterol' transports cholesterol from the body tissues to the liver the be broken down reduces cholesterol levels in the blood therefore reducing the risk of atherosclerosis
what are LDLs?low density lipoproteins 'bad cholesterol' transports cholesterol from the liver to the blood increases blood cholesterol levels therefore increases the risk of atherosclerosis
why is there a causal relationship between cholesterol and risk of CVD?increased risk of plaque formation arteries become hardened and narrower this reduces the flow of oxygenated blood to the cardiac cells cells cant respire and die causing a CVD
why does saturated lipids and high blood cholesterol correlate?saturated lipids make up low density lipoproteins more LDL means more cholesterol in the blood
obesity indicatorsBMR - basal metabolic rate BMI - body mass index waist to hip ratio
how does BMR measure obesity?calculates the minimum amount of calories your body needs to function at rest
how does BMI measure obesity?BMI = Weight (kg)/Height² (m)
how does waist to hip ratio measure obesity?compares the waist size to the hip size larger waist to hip ratio signifies obesity
what factors affect the risk of developing CHD?diet exercise smoking
what is CHD?coronary heart disease
how can diet reduce the risk of developing CHD?reduced cholesterol, sat fats and salts more fruits and veg that contain fibres and antioxidants less build up in arteries so less risk of damage to the endothelium reduced risk of atherosclerosis and eventually CHD
how can exercise reduce the risk of developing CHD?this reduces fat stores less risk of atherosclerosis therefore less risk of CHD
how can stopping smoking reduce the risk of developing CHD?lumen will be wider therefore less high pressure generated in the artery reduces the risk of endothelial damage therefore reduced risk of atherosclerosis then CHD
daphnia experimentmeasures the effect of caffeine on heart rate daphnia placed under microscope in pro-slow solution 5 different concentrations of caffeine used allow daphnia to acclimatise for about 2 mins before carrying out experiment count how many heart beats using a clicker for 1 min do repeats to get the mean heart rate make sure all daphnia used are the same age and same source
ethical issues regarding the use of invertebratesalthough invertebrates will not feel pain whilst carrying out the experiment they are still living organisms so some may not like the idea of testing on living creatures
vitamin C experiment5 different juices with one being vitamin C solution carefully titrate each juice into dcpip solution swirl around to get a colour change of blue to light pink/colourless record results repeat to get mean averages
what treatments are available for CVD?antihypertensives: beta blockers, diuretics, ACE inhibitors anticoagulant statins platelet inhibitors
benefits and side effects of beta blockersbenefits: reduced frequency of heart contractions side effects: higher risk of diabetes
benefits and side effects of antihypertensive medicationbenefit: reduces blood pressure side effects: dizziness, arrhythmia, nausea
benefits and side effects of diureticsbenefits: increases volume of urine reducing blood volume side effects: nausea, muscle cramps, diziness
benefits and side effects of ACE inhibitorsbenefits: reduces atrial constriction therefore reducing blood pressure side effects: dizziness, cough, heart arrhythmia
benefits and side effects of anticoagulantsbenefits: reduce the formation of blood clots side effects: excessive bleeding
benefits and side effects of statinsbenefits: reduces blood cholesterol by blocking cholesterol producing enzyme in the liver side effects: nausea, constipation, muscle pain, increased risk of diabetes, headache
benefits and side effects of platelet inhibitorsbenefits: reduces the formation of blood clots by making platelets less sticky side effects: excessive bleeding