Buscar
Estás en modo de exploración. debe iniciar sesión para usar MEMORY

   Inicia sesión para empezar

level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
Microorganismsnaturally present on and in the human body and in the environment (tiny usually microscopic, entities capable of carrying on living processes)
Infection Prevention and ControlPolicies and procedures to minimize the spread of health care associated or Community acquired infections
asepsisthe absence of pathogenic microorganisms
medical asepsisknown as the clean technique
surgical asepsisknown as the sterile technique
chain of infectioninfection agent, reservoir, portal of exit, method of transmission, portal of entry, host
what is an effective way to disrupt the chain of infectionmedical asepsis
disinfectionthe use of a chemical that can be applied to objects to destroy microorganisms
Antiseptica substance that tends to inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganism and may be used humans
aerobic bacteriagrows only in the presence of oxygen
anaerobicbacteria grows only in the absence of oxygen
sporea round body that is formed by the bacterium when conditions are unfavorable for growth of the bacterium
some -------- have the ability to for capsules around the cell wallbacteria
bacillus anthraciscauses the acute infectious disease of anthrax
what are the three forms of anthrax infectioncutaneous, gastrointestinal, inhalation
what are the smallest known agents to cause diseaseviruses
reservoirany natural habitat of a micrograms that promotes growth and reproduction
carrier or vectoris a person or animal that does not become ill but harbors and spreads organisms, causing disease in others
vehicleis the means by which microorganisms are carried about and transported to the next host
Contaminationmeans a condition of being soiled, stained, touched by, or otherwise exposed to harmful agents
Formitethe vehicle has an inanimate(nonliving) object
what should be kept clean, intact and lubricated to help prevent a entrance or exit route of microorganisms?Skin its the first line of defense
Hostis an organism in which another organism is nourished and harbored
what are a few factors that affect immunologic defense mechanism?chemo, disease process, environment, fatigue, lifestyle, radiation, stress, trauma etc
what are the normal defense mechanisms against infection?skin, mouthfeels, respiratory tract, urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, vagina
what can a nurse do by knowing the chain of infectionintervene and prevent infection from happening
virulencedisease causing power
localizedsuperficial wound infection
systemican infection that affects the entire body instead of just a single organ or part & has the potential to be fatal
inflammationthe body response to injury or infection at the cellular level
wha does inflammation dodelivers fluid, blood products, and nutrients to interstitial tissues in the area of an injury
ruborrednesss
leukocytosisincreased white blood cell count
malaisegeneralized discomfort
Health care-associated infection(HAI) (used to be nosocomial)infections patients get while undergoing treatment in a healthcare facility
CLABSICentral Line-associated Bloodstream Infections
CAUTIscatheter associated urinary tract infections
SSIssurgical site infections
VAPVentilator associated infections
virulent(exceedingly pathogenic) which makes them more likely places for infection
what makes people more susceptible to pathogens?weakened immune system from diseases, invasive procedures
Exogenous(growing outside the body) infection is caused by microorganisms from another person
endogenous(growing within the body) is caused by patients own microorganisms
infection control nurseadvise hospital personnel on the development and implementation of safe patient care and monitoring infection in health care agencies
Centers for Disease Control an Prevention (CDC)provides facilities and services for investigation, prevention, and control of disease
Standard precautionsguidelines from the CDC to reduce risk of blood borne pathogens and and pathogens from moist body substances ( microorganisms from both recognized and unrecognized)
What does hand hygiene do?most important and basic preventive technique that healthcare workers can use to interrupt the infection process
how many tiers of precaution2 first tier is standard precaution second tier is transmission precaution
Transmission precautionairborne, droplet, contact
Antiseptic is also known as whatbacteriostatic (bacterio means microorganisms, static means referring to that which can't move or grow)
cleaningremoval of foreign materials, such as soils & organic material, from an object
disinfectionis used to destroy microorganisms
sterilizationrefers to the methods used to kill all microorganisms, including spores
what are the two types of sterilizationphysical which uses heat or radiation, chemical which uses chemicals
Hygieneincludes care of not only the skin but also the hair, hands, feet, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, back and perineum
personal hygieneself care measures people use to maintain health and prevent disease
pathogenicdisease producing microorganisms
what is the recommended room temperature for patients68-74
what is necessary to keep stale air and odors from lingering in a roomgood ventilation
fowlershead of bed raised 45-90 degrees
high fowlersemi sitting up to full upright position
semi fowlers or low fowlershead of bed raised to 30 degrees
trendelenburgsentire bed tilted downward toward head of bed
reverse trendelenburgsentire bed tilted down towards foot of bed
ROMnormal movement that any given joint is capable of making
vertigodizziness
syncopefainting
what is an option to relieve tension or lower body temperaturecool water bath
hot water bathhelps relieve muscle soreness and muscle spasms
sitz bathcleanses and aids in reducing inflammation of the peri area or anal areas areas of patients who have had rectal/ vaginal surgery or given child birth
canthuscorner oof eyes
axillathe underarm area or armpit
umbilicusthe depressed point in the middle of the abdomen
prone positionlaying face down
sims positionside laying position
supinelaying face up
febrilecondition characterized by an elevated body temp
intact skinis the first line of defense against infection by invasion of pathogenic organisms
turgorelastic and firm
pressure injurylocalized damage to the skin and or underlying soft tissue usually over bony prominence or related to medical or there device
pressure injury stage 1is localized area of skin, typically over boney promin, that is intact with nonblanchable redness
stage 2 pressure injuryinvolves partial- thickness loss of dermis, it appears as shallow open injury
stage 3 pressure injuryInvolves full thickness tissue loss, in which subcutaneous fat is sometimes visible, but bone, tendon, and muscle are no exposed
stage 4 pressure injuryInvolves full tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon, cartilage or muscle
unstageable pressure injuryinvolves full thickness tissue loss, a wound base covered by slough ( yellow, tan, gray, green or brown) or black
suspected deep tissue pressure injurythe wound appears as localized purple or maroon area of discolored intact skin or a blood-filled blister
vasodilationincreased blood flow to the area of the body being treated
vasoconstrictionnarrowing of the blood vessels
oral hygienecare of the oral cavity helps maintain a healthy state of mouth, teeth, gums and lips
denturesa set of artificial teeth not permanently fix or implanted
Anticoagulant therapymedications that increase the tendency to bleed
labia majoralarge fold or lips
labia minorasmall folds or lips
circumorbitalcircular area around the eye
cerumenear wax
defecationeliminating feces
sentinel eventan unexpected occurrence involving death or serious physical or psychological injury or the risk thereof
safety reminder device (SRD)any part of the numerous devices used to immobilize a patient or part of the patients body such as arms or hands
elopementleaving the healthcare facility without permission or necessary supervision
Hazard Communication Act - Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)Federal organization that provides guidelines to help reduce safety hazards in the workplace
RACERescue, Activate, Confine, Extinguish
PASSPull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep
PoisonAny substance that is harmful to your body when ingested inhaled, injected, or absorbed through the skin
Disaster situationUncontrollable, unexpected, psychologically shocking event that is unique and likely to have a significant impact on a variety of health care facilities
disaster manualspecifies chain of command, callback procedures, assignment procedures, patient evacuation procedure and routes
Codesa system of notification to be transmitted rapidly
Terrorismis a violent or dangerous act used to intimidate or coerce a person or government to further a political or social agenda
Bioterrorismis the use of biologic agents to create fear and threaten
High Risk Syndromes for Bioterrorism examplesAnthrax, Botulsim, Plague, Smallpox
anthraxacute infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a spore- forming, gram-positive bacillus
Botulismcaused by Clostridium botulinum, an encapsulated anaerobic gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that produces a potent neuroparalytic
plagueand acute bacterial disease caused by the gram-negative bacillus Yersinia pestis
small poxacute chronic illness caused by the virus Variola
epidemicdisease that emerges rapidly at an uncharacteristic time or in unusual pattern
Dirty BombRadiation-dispersal device that couples nuclear waste with a conventional bomb
the use of SRDs tend to increase what?restlessness, disorientation, agitation, anxiety & feeling powerlessness
orthostatic hypotensiona drop of bp and causes dizziness
Cerebrovascular and Central Nervous Systemcerebral edema, hyperpyrexia, hypotension, confusion and disorientation
Gastrointestinalloss of mucosal barrier and cells that line intestine, which results in fluid and electrolyte loss, vomiting, hematemesis, diarrhea, melena, loss of normal flora, sepsis
Hematopoieticdeficiency of white blood cells and platelets, which lead to bleeding, anemia, infections, impaired wound healing, and immunodeficiency
how is a patient contaminated by radiation?clothing, ingesting, or by absorbing it through a skin opening
how is radiation measuredGray (Gy) = to 100 rads
EPAEnvironmental Protection Agency
NRCNuclear Regulatory Commission
DOEDepartment of Energy
DOTDepartment Of Transportation
0.75 Gy if absorbedpatients usually do not have symptoms
an absorption of 8Gy or 30Gyabsorbing 8 Gy usually die, absorb 30Gy is always fatal
Gross Decontaminationcontinuous shower if low-volume and high-volume water and removal of the patients clothing
Formal decontaminationIncorporate several steps in the cleaning process, including water spray, cleaning solution and scrubbing patient with brushes
Fine Decontaminationperformed in isolated area includes cleaning of eyes, ears, and fingernails and inspecting body orifices and swabbing mucous membranes of the mouth
What are disasters referred to (2 categories)external disasters, or internal disaster
External Disasteroriginates outside the facility ( explosion in chemical plant, tornado, train accident etc)
Internal Disasterinternal disaster represents extraordinary situation that is brought about by events within the healthcare facility such as fire
Overtannounced
covertUnannounced
endemicthe expected or normal incidence native to or occurring naturally to a specific area or environment
Botulism formsfood borne is most common, airborne and wound are other forms of botulism
Active shooteran individual actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in confined and populated area
Infectious AgentPathogenic microorganisms
ReservoirInfected individual or animal
Exit RouteSecretions, feces, blood, urine
Method of TransmissionHand, contaminated food, air droplets, contaminated needle
EntranceMouth, break in skin and mucous membrane
Hostanother person