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level: Additional concepts

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Additional concepts

QuestionAnswer
meanaverage
standard deviationa measure of how spread out the numbers are
differencesthe result of subtracting one number from another
two sample t-testmethod to test whether the unknown population means of two groups are the same
discrete variablesa variable that can only take on a certain number of values, e.g. the amount of children someone has
chi-square testmethod to assess how well the observed data and the expected data fit together/are the same
paired t-testmethod to compare the means of two related groups to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the two
rationalea set of reasons for a course of action or belief, e.g. why you're doing a certain study?
correction for multiple comparisoncorrection that is done when you're comparing multiple groups at the same time, this is mostly done by altering the significance level
sample sizethe number of participants in a study or observations used in a survey or experiment
powerthe probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually false
statistical methodsmathematical concepts, formulas, techniques used in statistical analysis of random data
flow diagrama diagram of the sequence of movements or actions of people involved in a complex activity, e.g. for the methods of an experiment
recruitment datesthe dates on which the best candidates for e.g. a study are found and invited
baseline datathe data initially collected which serves as a basis for comparison with the later acquired (testing) data
number analysedthe amount of participants in the study that were analysed
estimated effect sizea concept that measures the strength of a relationship between two numeric variables. the greater the effect size, the greater the difference
95% confidence intervala type of interval that contains the true value of an unknown population parameter in 95% of the cases
ancillary analysisa statistic whose sampling distribution does not depend on the parameters of the model
harms, unintended effectsdamage, a term used to describe a set of results that was not intended as an outcome
limitationsrestrictions
interpretation of resultsexplaining the meaning of results
trial protocola document that describes how a clinical trial will be conducted and that ensures the safety of the subjects and integrity of the collected data
funding and supportmoney that is provided by an organization or government for example for a study, material assistance
independent (or student's) t-testan inferential statistical test that determines whether there is a difference between the two means of unrelated groups
dependent (paired) t-testcompares the means of two related groups to determine whether there is a difference between them
dependent and independent variablea variable that is likely to change dependent variable -> a variable whose value depends on another variable e.g. y on x independent variable -> a variable that does not depend on another variable e.g. x does not depend on y
hypothesis, research question, objective/aimhypothesis -> explanation for something that is based on known facts/previous studies but has not been proven yet. research question -> the core of a study, question that is going to be answered by the study objective/aim -> goal of study
ordinal and categorical variableordinal (rank) -> A variable with two or more categories which have a clear ordering (low, medium, high, for example). Categorical (nominal, nonnumerical) -> A variable that has two or more categories, but there is no intrinsic ordering to the categories
interval and ratio variablesInterval -> The intervals between the values of the interval variable are equally spaced Ratio -> Has all the properties of an interval variable, and also has a clear definition of 0.0. When the variable equals 0.0, there is none of that variable.
continuous and numerical variablesContinuous -> A variable that has an infinite number of possible values. Numerical -> The values are numbers. They can be classified into discrete and continuous.
standard error of the mean (SEM)the standard error, it's the standard deviation of a sampling distribution or an estimate of that standard deviation
normally distributed dataarrangement of data in which most values cluster in the middle of a range and the rest taper off symmetrically towards the extremes