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level: Journal Club 4

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Journal Club 4

QuestionAnswer
temporal improvementsimprovements that are only helpful for a relative short period of time, ask yourself is there an effect over time?
trial designthe way the protocol of a research is build up
controla group used as the comparison to the experimental group, it does not have the conditions the experimental group is tested on
quality controlset of activities that control the quality of a product or study e.g. inspection or peer review
triala test of performance or quality of something
experimentprocedure to test a hypothesis
pre-experimentthe simplest research design, either a single group or multiple groups are observed
quasi-experimentempirical interventional study used to estimate the causal impact of an intervention on target population without random assignment
pretest-posttestin a pretest and posttest design, measurements are taken before and after a treatment. this shows you the effect of a treatment on the study population
time seriesall the data points collected over a definitive time are visualized in a table/graph in time order
one-shot case studydesign where only a single group is tested for one measurement, there is no control group and there are only posttest results
one-group pretest-posttestdesign where one single group is tested before and after a treatment, there is no control group
static group comparisontwo groups are involved in the experiment, but only one group receives the treatment, the other is the control. only posttest results are taken
threats to internal and external validitythe decrease in reliability of this validity
pilotsmall-scale study to save money and time, to improve the study design before the full scale study
contaminationunwanted impurity in the results
responsivity (of effect measure)measures the input and output from a system, it measure the input per output (e.g. m/s ?)
weak experimental designwhen an experimental design has a lot of flaws and cannot be reproduced correctly
underspecified methodswhen the method section is not detailed enough, the experiment cannot be replicated
data dredgingnot having a hypothesis and randomly searching for data in the results. looking at the data and interpreting it without keeping the original hypothesis of the study in mind
omitting null resultsindication that there is missing data, specifically if there's data missing that does not support the hypothesis
selection biaswhen some individuals are more likely to be chosen to participate in the research than others
performance biaswhen the participants are not blinded and know what kind of treatment they are receiving e.g. a placebo or not, this influences the results
detection biasthe results are obtained unfairly, the researcher is not blinded and can thus influence the results
attrition biasan error occurring because of selectively dropping out of participants
reporting biassome results are more likely to be presented in the study, while others are hidden or not presented
experimenter biasif the researchers interpret the results wrong, e.g. when the research is funded by a company that will benefit from certain results
confirmation biasa way of searching the results to validate your beliefs/hopes/hypothesis, interpreting the results the way you want them to be
transparencya state of openness and communicability, without withholding of information
causal roleone variable influences a second variable