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level: Journal Club 3

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Journal Club 3

QuestionAnswer
randomly assignedplacing participants into groups without method or conscious decision
baselinea fixed point of reference used for comparison
post-training / post-exerciseto describe something that is done after a training/sport period e.g. measurements or analysis
follow-upsomething e.g. measurements done to investigate something further
randomized controlled trial (RCT)study in which participants are randomly placed in groups to test the effectiveness of new treatments
randomizationa method based on chance alone by which participants are assigned to a (treatment) group
random allocationthe assignment of participants into different groups in an unpredictable way
random selectionthe choosing of subjects based on chance alone
pseudo-random samplinggenerating pseudo-random numbers that are distributed along a probability distribution
two parallel arma study design that compares two treatments; group 1 only receives treatment A and group 2 only receives treatment B
cross-overa longitudinal study in which participants receive a sequence of different treatments; group 1 receives treatment A and B and group 2 receives treatment A and B
counterbalancingneutralizing or canceling out
enforcing allocation concealmenta technique that prevents researchers from influencing which participants are assigned to which group, it prevents selection bias in a RCT
enrolledofficially registered as a member of an institute or participant of a course
dropped outnot participating in a study or course anymore
lost to follow-upparticipants that started in the study but were not present/participating during the follow-up of th study
exclusion criteriaany characteristic of a potential subject that would hinder them from participating in the study
complete-case analysisa method of dealing with incomplete data; it means only using the completed cases/data, leaving out the incomplete data
intention to treat analysis (ITT)a method of dealing with incomplete data; it estimates the missing follow-up values from dropped out participants so that these values can be used
studies did not include a comparison groupthe comparison groups are the groups between which a statistical comparison has to be made
compliancehow well the participants were following the instructions of the experimenter
eligibilitythe state of having the right to do something or obtain something e.g. someone over 18 is eligible to drive
settingthe place or surroundings (where a study takes place)
interventionsaction taken to improve an medical condition/disorder (in an experimental study)
treatmentmedical care given to a patient for an illness or injury
placeboa substance that has no therapeutic effect on a patient (while the patient might think it does), used as a control in testing new drugs
outcome measuresdetermination and evaluation of the results of an activity, plan or process and their comparison with the intended results
blindingwhen information about the test is masked as to not influence the one working with it, to reduce bias
maskingconceal from viewing
generalisabilityto make generally applicable e.g. to use the results of a study on a general population
systematic error, random error and noisy datasystematic error -> a consistent, repeated error associated with faulty equipment random error -> unpredictable and unavoidable errors/mistakes noisy data -> data that is corrupt or distorted
systematic error and biasany deviation from the truth in a collection of data which can cause false conclusions
confoundingcause surprise or confusion e.g. confounding variables -> other variables than that the researcher is studying
external and internal validityexternal validity -> the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people internal validity -> the extent to which a causal conclusion based on a study is justified, which is determined by the degree to which a study minimizes systematic errors
test and experimental validitytest validity -> the extent to which a test measures what it's supposed to measure experimental validity -> refers to the manner in which variables influence both the results of the research and the generalisability to the population at large
face and construct validityface validity -> the extent to which a test is subjectively viewed as covering the concept it claims to measure construct validity -> the degree to which a test measures what it claims to be measuring
content and criterion validitycontent validity -> refers to the extent to which a measure represents all facets of a given construct criterion validity -> the extent to which a measure is related to an outcome. it can be divided into concurrent and predictive validity
concurrent and predictive validitytypes of criterion validity concurrent validity -> refers to a comparison between the measure in question and an outcome assessed at the same time predictive validity -> compares the measure in question with an outcome assessed at a later time
reliability (instrument, interrater, intrarater)The quality of being trustworthy or performing consistently well. Instrument reliability -> the trustworthiness of equipment used. Inter-rater reliability -> degree of agreement among raters/judges Intra-rater reliability -> degree of agreement determined by repeated measurements done by a single rater.
(pre-)stratificationthe division of the subjects and results by a factor other than the treatment factor e.g. weight or gender
effect modifier (homogeneity in prognostic factors)a factor that alters the effect of a putative causal factor in a study e.g. age is a modifier for many conditions