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level: Journal Club 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Journal Club 1

QuestionAnswer
incidenceoccurrence, rate, frequency of an undesirable thing
prevalencehow common a disease/condition is, commonness
diagnostic studystudy to examine an individual(/population) to determine a disease, condition or illness. e.g. biopsy or prenatal testing
prognostic studystudy in which a population is followed over a period of time, factors that might influence outcomes are measured over that period
observational studystudy in which the effect of risk factors are observed, without interfering with it
experimental studystudy where researchers introduce an intervention and study the effects. e.g. administering different drugs to different groups of patients and observing the effects
cross-sectional studystudy where the data is collected at a certain time point from a sample population
longitudinal studystudy with repeated observations of the same variables over a period of time. e.g. five-year study of children learning to read
ecological studya type of observational study, but at population or group level, not at individual level. often used to measure prevalence of disease, especially when the condition is rare
case-controltype of observational study in which two groups that differ in outcome are identified. they are then compared to find something that caused the difference
cohorta group of people that share a characteristic
samplea group of people that are taken from a larger population
competing interestsanything that interferes with the objectivity of an article/publication. e.g. funding by someone who might profit
associatedrelated to, connected to
risk forthe possibility that something (bad) will happen
absolute riskthe ratio of people who have a condition compared to all the people who could have that condition at a certain time point. e.g. 40 have the condition and 200 do not, absolute riks is 20%
relative riskthe ratio of probability of an exposed group of people compared to a non-exposed group. e.g. risk of getting cancer for smokers and non-smokers. (comparing the risks of two groups).
internal validityextent to which a study shows a trustworthy cause-and-effect relation between a treatment and outcome
external validityextent to which the findings of a study are generalized to other situations and people, meaning are the results of a study also applicable to other situations
modifiable risk factorfactors, which can be changed, that can increase someone's chance to develop a certain condition. e.g. blood pressure
mortality risk / mortality ratemeasure of the death in a certain population in relation to the size of that population per unit of time. e.g. units of death per 1000 individuals per year. so a mortality rate of 9.5 in a population of 1000 would mean 9.5 deaths per year.
informed consentcompetently given consent after a professional explains the risks, benefits and alternatives of procedures
inclusion criteriarequired features that people/patients must have to be able to participate in the study
pooled serumthe mixed serum of a number of individuals. serum is the fluid component of blood that does not play a role in blood clotting