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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
immovableSynarthrosis is what kind of joint?
Slightly movableAmphiarthrosis is what kind of joint?
Freely moveableDiarthrosis is what kind of joint?
Fibrous Cartilaginous SynovialThree STRUCTURAL classifications of joints
No joint cavity; bones held by CT Sutures hold together with thin dense CT Synarthrotic in adults and amphiarthrotic in childrenFIBROUS sutures is held together by what? Syn, Amph, or Diar?
more fibrous CT than in suture; fibrous CT forms n INTEROSSEUS membrane or ligament Amphiarthrotic Interosseus membrane between radius and ulna & tibia and fibiaFIBROUS Syndesmosis is held together by what? Syn, Amph, or Diar? EX?
Syndesmosis (pegs teeth into sockets; alveoli) SynarthroticFIBROUS gomphosis is what kind of special joint? Syn, Amphi, or diar?
Cartilage (no joint cavity)Cartilaginous joints are connected by what?
Synchondrosis Symphysis2 types of cartilaginous joints
hyaline cartilageCartilaginous synchondrosis is what kind of cartilage?
Epiphyseal plate: connects diaphysis and epiphysis; synarthrotic Costal cartilage: connects rib to sternum; amphiarthroticCartilaginous synchondrosis Examples and Syn, amphi, or diar?
space articulating between bones freely moveable diarthroticWhat is synovial? Syn, amphi, or diar?
joint capsule consisting of 1. Inner layer (Synovial membrane); loose CT with elastic fibers that secrete synovial fluid; lines cavity 2. Outer Layer (fibrous layer); dense irregular CT that is continuous with fibrous layer of periosteumArticular Capsule and 2 layers
Ligaments may be outside of fibrous capsule (EX: collateral ligaments of knee) Ligaments may be inside of articular capsule but excluded from synovial cavity because ligaments are covered with synovial membrane (EX: cruciate ligament of knee)Inner layer of articular capsule 2 exceptions
1. consistency of egg white 2. lubricates joint 3. Nourishes articular cartilage 4. Contains phagocytic cells to remove debris from jointSynovial membrane 4 classifications
hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones but does not bind bone togetherArticular cartilage definition
sac lined with synovial membrane that reduces friction between body parts; found between skin and bone, tendons and bones, muscle and bone, ligaments and boneBursa definition and found where?
synovial membrane wrapped like a hot dog bun that completely wraps around a TENDONTendon Sheath definition
1. Occurs only between bones of skull 2. Rigid slices that knot the skill bones together yet allow skull to expand as a child grows 3. Synarthrotic in adultsDescribe 3 structure and degree of movement of a suture and their location in the body
1. Connected by ligaments or cords of fibrous tissue 2. Amphiarthrotic 3. Ulna and radiusDescribe the structure and degree of movement of syndesmosis joints in the body and give examples (3 points)
1. Only found in our teeth that fit in areolar socket 2. SynarthroticDescribe the structure and degree of movement of gomphosis joints and give example
Pubic symphysis: amphiarthrotic Intervertebral Disc: amphiarthroticCartilaginous Symphysis examples
Hyaline cartilage unites bone; Synarthrotic, costal cartilage, epiphyseal plateStructure and degree of movement of synchondrosis and give example. Cartilage?
Amphiarthrotic; fibrocartilage unites bone; pubic symphysis, intervertebral discsStructure and degree of movement of symphysis joints and example. Cartilage?
1. Tough external FIBROUS LEVEL composed of dense irregular CT (strengthens bone) 2. Inner layer is SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE composed of loose CT (makes synovial fluid)Structure and function of articular capsule (2 points)
1. Occupies all free space of joint capsule 2. Derived by filtration of blood flowing through capillaries 3. Egg white 4. Found in articular cartilage 5. Prevents friction 6. Fluid is forces from cartilage when joint is compressed 7. Eats cellular debrisList 7 characteristics/functions of synovial fluid
inter carpal and inter tarsal, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, sternocostal, vertebrocostal (slide past each other)Structural features of Planar synovial joints
knee, elbow, ankle, and interphalangeal (flexion and tension) (joints between fingers)Structural features of Hinge synovial joints
Atlanta-axial, radioulnar (uniaxial; between atlas and axis; twisting hand)Structural features of Pivot synovial joints
Wrist and meracarpophalangeal (2 axis rotation side to side, front to back) EX: wavingStructural features of Condyloid synovial joint
carpometacarpal in thumb (2 axis rotation)Structural features of Saddle synovial joint
shoulder and hip (multiaxial; femur to pelvis, scapula to humerusStructural features of Ball and Socket synovial joint
planar EX: carpal bones of wristGliding movement
head, arms, legs (flexing is bending)Flexion and Extension movement
intervertebral joints; head upper body swayingLateral Flexion Movement
moving arm/leg/head backwardHyperextension movement
hip abductors Abduct: away from midlineAbduction and adduction movement
back stroke or circular movementcircumduction movement
lateral and medial; shake head yes or noRotation movement
shoulder shrug, mouth open or closedElevation and depression movement
protraction: forward Retraction: backProtraction and Retraction
moving foot inward and outwardInversion and Eversion movement
Dorsiflexion: bring toes back Plantar Flexion: tip toesDorsiflexion and plantar flexion
Supination: palm up Pronation: palm back (scoop soup, dump)Supination and pronation movement
continuation of quadriceps femoris tendon and inserts into tibial tuberosityPatellar ligament
back of knee connects lateral condyle of femur to medial margin of head of tibiaOblique Popliteal Ligament (posterior ligament)
broad flat ligament that connects medial condyle of femur to medial condyle of tibia Connects to medial meniscusMedial collateral ligament
rounded ligament on the lateral surface joint that extends from lateral condyle of femur to the lateral side of fibula DOES NOT CONNECT TO LATERAL MENISCUSLateral Collateral ligament
Originates anterior to intercondylar eminence of tibia and extends posterior and laterally to medial side of lateral condyle of femurAnterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
Originates on posterior intercondylar area of tibia and extends anteriorly and medially to the medial surface of the medial condyle of the femurPosterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)
semilunar cartilage; wedge shaped fibrocartilage that attaches to condyles of tibia and serves to deepen condyles of tibia for articulation with condyles of femur (Lateral more circular shaped) (medial more "c" shaped)Medial and Lateral Menisci
1. Collateral ligaments 2. Cruciate ligaments 3. Cartilages (meniscus)Common three knee injuries
Tears tibial collateral ligament and the medial meniscus attached to it as well as the ACLWhat is a lateral blow?
inflammation of the synovial membrane and can progress to fusion at joint; autoimmune disease strikes small joints and is likely to be bilaterally symetrical Treatment: anti immunerheumatoid arthritis definition
more common and less damaging; usually affects only articular cartilage and not membrane; strikes big joints like knees and hips; "wear and tear"osteoarthritis definition
Uric acid is a product of purine metabolism of DNA and RNA and is usually excreted through urine; person has accumulation of sodium urate in cartilage at jointsGouty Arthritis