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level: Cardiac conditions

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Cardiac conditions

QuestionAnswer
Signs of heart disease§ Chest pain § Dyspnoea – shortness of breath § Orthopnoea – shortness of breath when lying flat § Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea – waking up in the night gasping for breath § Pre(syncope) – presyncope is where you feel dizzy and light headed before you faint (syncope) § Palpation Ankle swelling
what is angina pectorischest pain related to the heart
Pericardial pain presents asSharp, stabbing poin, quick onset, relieved by leaning forward made worse by lying flat
Pleuritic painSharp stabbing pain upon inhalation
Ankle swelling indicatesindiacted right heart failure i.e. back pressure
difficuluty in breathing indicatesIscheamia heart failure or both-
Pulm. oedema causesincreases distance for gas to diffuse across so process lsower therefore CO2 rises so hypercapnia which causes dysponea
Orthopnoea causesBreathless when flat, inc LV pre load decreased vital capacity decreased pulm compliance
What is paroxysmal nocturnal dysponeaWaking up gasping for breath due to LV unable to match output of right ventricle
Palpitations areAwareness of heart beat normally sign of arrthymia
Capillary refill time when pressingNormal 25 secs abnormal 6 secs
Signs of hypercholesterolaemiaCorneal arcus i.e. white ring around iris and xanthalasma- vesicles around eyes containing lipid
oedema graded by heightAnkle midcalf sacral nipples
What are the heart noises fromAV vavle close semi lunar close any others are from turbulent blood
When get athsclero when can perfusion occurOnly in diastole
Stenosis causes....., occlusion causes ...angina, heart attack MI
Microvasc disease mainly due toDiabetes
Symptoms of heart diseaseChest pain angina pectoris and shortness of breath dysponea
Treatment of IHDMeds. i.e. beta blocker, apririn etc.. to decrease TPR
What does nicrorandil, ivanradine and ranolazine doCoronary vasodilator by hyperpol of endothelim, slow heart rate at SAN, and decreases peak intracellular Ca2+ so reduces contractility
What must you do if patient on clopid, prasugrel or ticagrelorD/w cardiologist to see if safe then pause patietn on this drug for 5 days
Statins areCholesterol lowering
Stents unblock coronary arteries when is this suitableIf blocked artery is small and discrete not if long and diffuse
MI TxO2, Ns, antiplatelet drugs asp. and clopidigrol
Vasc heart disease causes whatStenosis and regurg. increases work and ventricles to remodel caused by myxomaotus degen. endocardititis
Aortic INR target2.5
Mirtal INRtarget 3.5
If stop warfarin what do you need for coverIV heparin