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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
The fusion of sperm into the ovum requires approximately ____ hours24 hours
How does the sperm travel through the mucus membrane of the cervical canal?By flagellation
What is the new cell called after fertilization?Zygote
How many chromosomes does a zygote carry?46
When is the sex and characteristics of the zygote determined?At the moment of fertilization
How long does it take the zygote to enter the uterine cavity?3 to 4 days
What is the developmental stage of the ovum in which a solid mass of cells resembles a mullberry?Morula
The morula develops into the ________.Blastocyst
What is the cause of implantation bleeding?The action of enzymes; breaking down protein and penetrating cell membranes
What allows the blastocyst to enter the endometrium and implant?The secretion of enzymes
Where does implantation usually occur?In the fundus of the uterus
The endometrium has an increased store of _______ during the secretory stage of the menstrual cycleGlycogen
The loss of pregnancy before 20 weeks gestation is called _______Abortion
When do most spontaneous abortions occur?The first 8 weeks
The implantation of a fertilized egg outside of the uterine cavity is called _______.Ectopic pregnancy
How long do the villi nourish the embryo?Implantation to seventh or eighth week
What do the chorionic villi secrete?HCG
What does HCG do?Stimulates production of progesterone and estrogen
How long do primary villi synthesize protein and glucose?First 12 weeks
What becomes the fetal portion of the placenta?Chorionic villi
Until the time of implantation, the cell mass is referred to as the _______Zygote
When is the growing cell mass referred to as a morula?When it reaches 32 cells
The zygote develops two separate cavities:The amniotic cavity and the yolk sac
The embryonic stage encompasses the first __ weeks of pregnancy8 weeks
When is the embryo referred to as the fetus?At the ninth week
When does a simple heart beat begin?Embryonic phase
A drug, virus, or substance that can cause malformation of the fetus is a ________ agent.Teratogenic agent
Which virus can affect all germ layers and cause serious anomalies such as cardiac defects, deafness, and cognitive impairment?Rubella (German measles)
When does the placenta become fully functioning?By week 12
What does the placenta look like at birth?Large red disk; 8 inches in diameter,1 inch thick
The placenta functions as what kind of gland?Endocrine gland
The placenta secretes which three hormones, which maintain pregnancy?HCG Estrogen Progesterone
What is the outer layer of the amniotic sac called?Chorion
What is the amnion?The inner layer of the amniotic sac
What joins the embryo to the placenta?The umbilical cord
What is the major part of the cord called?Wharton's jelly
What is the purpose of Wharton's jelly?Prevents compression of blood vessels Insulates vessels within umbilical cord
What gives the umbilical cord a rope-like appearance?Two arteries and one vein
What is the peak volume of amniotic fluid at 34 weeks?800mL to 1000mL
How many mL of amniotic fluid is present at 10 to 12 weeks?30mL
What are the 4 functions of amniotic fluid?Cushion against mechanical injury Regulates fetal temperature Allows fetus room for growth Provides for fetal lung development
When can amniocentesis be performed?After the first trimester
Fetal heart shows activity by the ___ week.7th week
At what week of gestation can practitioners auscultate the fetal heart beat?Between 10 to 12 weeks
What kind of instrument is used to auscultate the fetal heart beat?Doppler scan
What is the top portion of the uterus called?The fundus
How should the woman be positioned when measuring the fundal height?On her back
During the second and third trimester, the height of the fundus in centimeters is the same as:The number of weeks of gestation
Decreased fundal height may indicate what?Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)
What could an excessive increase in fundal height indicate?Multifetal gestation Hydramnios
The levels of HCG may be used to assess which two factors?Viability and gestation of pregnancy
What kind of ultrasound is preferred after the first trimester?Abdominal
The crown-rump measurement is correct within ___ to ___ days.2 to 5
The crown-rump measurement is used during which trimester?First trimester
What is measured during the second trimester to calculate gestational age?Head circumference Biparietal diameter Femur length
What does the maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening detect?Chromosomal abnormalities and birth defects, such as neural tube defects
When should serum screening be done on the pregnant woman?Between 16 and 18 weeks
What factors are assessed when performing serum screening on the pregnant woman?Alpha-fetoprotein Estriol levels HCG Inhibin A
What do elevated levels suggest when serum screening the pregnant woman?Neural tube defects
Low levels of serum screening for the pregnant mother may suggest the fetus has ________ _________.Down syndrome
What is the purpose of nuchal translucency screening?Assess the back of the neck for characteristics of Down syndrome
Fetuses with larger nuchal folds have a greater incidence of ______ ________.Down syndrome
At what stage of pregnancy is the nuchal translucency screening performed?Between 11 to 12 weeks
What is the normal nuchal fold finding for a fetus at 11 weeks?Up to 2 mm
What is chorionic villus sampling used to detect?Genetic disorders
Chorionic villus sampling is performed at what stage of pregnancy?10 to 13 weeks
What are the potential risks with chorionic villus sampling?Rh sensitization Infection Miscarriage
The risk of pregnancy loss with chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is 7% higher than with ___________Amniocentesis
What can be performed at the 16th week and is used to detect chemical or chromosomal abnormalities?Amniocentesis
The fetus' ability to survive outside of the uterus is called _______.Viability
A fetus as young as ___ to ___ weeks can survive outside of the womb22 to 25 weeks
What is amniocentesis primarily used for later in pregnancy?Determine fetal lung maturity
What is used to determine how the fetal heart rate responds to periods of fetal movement?Nonstress test
When is the nonstress test performed?At 28 weeks and beyond
What is the baseline fetal heart rate?120-160 bpm
How does the fetal heart rate normally accelerate with fetal movement?at least 15 bpm for 15 seconds
What position should the patient assume for the nonstress test?Sims position
What is the desired response during a contraction stress test?No change in fetal heart rate
Which hormone promotes insulin resistance?Human placental lactogen
Which hormone stimulates the corpus luteum to promote production of estrogen and progesterone?HCG
What is estrogen responsible for during pregnancy?Increased vascularity
What is the "maintenance hormone" of pregnancy?Progesterone
Which hormone is linked to the softening of the cervix and pubic symphysis in preparation for labor and delivery?Relaxin
What shape is the nonpregnant uterus?Pear shaped
What is the shape and weight of the uterus by 9 months?Egg shaped, 2.2 lbs
When do the breasts start producing "premilk", colostrum?2nd trimester
Colostrum is low in fat, but high in ______ and _______.Protein and carbohydrates
What aids the passage of the newborn's first stool?Colostrum; laxative effect
Which portion of the maternity cycle begins with the onset of labor and ends with delivery?Intrapartal period
The intrapartal period of the maternity cycle is also called the ________ portion.Perinatal
Which portion of the maternity cycle begins with the delivery of the placenta and lasts about 6 weeks?Postpartal period
List some presumptive signs of pregnancyAmenorrhea Nausea/Vomiting Frequent urination Breast changes Change of shape of abdomen Quickening Skin changes Chadwick's sign
What is the Chadwick's sign?Vagina and cervix become violet or purplish
The softening of the isthmus of the uterus is called the _______ signHegar's sign
Softening or increased pliability of the cervix is called the ________ signGoodell's sign
What is Ballottement?Palpating the uterus to feel the rebound of the fetus
What are the probable signs of pregnancy?Changes in reproductive organs Positive pregnancy test
The presence of a _________ results in a highly reactive pregnancy test, and may continue to indicate positive results after removalHydatidiform mole
What are the positive signs of pregnancy?Palpation of fetal outline Visualization of fetus with ultrasound Presence of fetal heart beat
How is the date of delivery estimated using Nagele's rule?Start with first date of woman's last menstrual cycle, count back 3 months, add 7 days
What does the word "gravida" indicate?Pregnant woman
What does "para" indicate?The number of births
A term pregnancy is one that results in delivery after the conclusion of the ____ week and through the ___ week of gestation37th - 42nd week
What does GTPAL stand for?Gravidity Term births Preterm births Abortions Living children
Multifetal pregnancies are recorded as ________ eventsSingular
When should kick-count monitoring begin?28 weeks
How many kicks should be felt in a 1-2 hour period?10 to 12
What is the most severe form of morning sickness called?Hyperemesis gravidarum
An increase of platelets and fibrinogen increases the woman's risk for _______ _______.Blood clots
Elevation of oxygen causes the ligaments of the ribcage to ________.Relax
The pregnant woman's center of gravity shifts _______.Forward
Maternal hyperthermia during the first trimester may result in what kind of defects of the fetus?Central nervous system defects
Due to increased cholesterol levels during pregnancy, women with a history of _______ may experience problemsCholelithiasis
During pregnancy the _____ and ______ may become dilated on the right sideUreter and kidneys
What helps to reduce leg cramps?Dorsiflexion
Why is left side lying position recommended?Promotes oxygenation
Why is the supine position not recommended for the pregnant woman?Uterus may place pressure on the aorta and vena cava; decreased circulation for the fetus
Blurred vision or diplopia may indicate problems with a __________ condition of pregnancyHypertensive
What does the Dick-Read method focus on?Progressive relaxation and avoidance of analgesics
Which method of childbirth focuses on environmental factors to provide a calm and supportive environment?Bradley method
Which method of birthing uses a warm water bath to reduce the trauma of birth?Leboyer method
The Lamaze method uses _______, _______, and _______ techniques to control pain mentally.Breathing, distraction, and focusing
At which gestational week can fetal movement be felt?16 to 18 weeks
What is a VBAC?Vaginal birth after c-section
Rapid cell division is called _______.Mitosis
Most ________ are too large to cross the placental barrierBacteria
The placenta is made up of 20 sections called _______.Cotyledons
What do the arteries of the umbilical cord do?Carries deoxygenated blood back to the placenta
What is the vein of the umbilical cord responsible for?Carrying oxygenated blood to the fetus
Which method is commonly used to measure fundal height?McDonald's method
What is a primary advantage of a chorionic villus sampling test?Can be performed at any earl point in pregnancy
Amniotic fluid can reveal information such as:Sex Chromosomal abnormalities Health status Maturity of fetus
A preterm delivery is one that takes place during which weeks of gestation?20-37 weeks