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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
What is the third leading cause of death in ages 10 to 19?Suicide
What percentage of newborns have CHD?5% to 10%
List some environmental factors contributing to congenital heart defectsIntrauterine rubella exposure Maternal alcoholism Diabetes Advanced maternal age Maternal drug ingestion
List some genetic factors contributing to the development of congenital heart defects:Sibling or parent with CHD Chromosomal anomalies Other noncardiac congenital anomalies
What is the source of oxygen and nutrients for the developing fetus?The placenta
Oxygenated blood is brought to the fetus by the _________ veinUmbilical
Oxygenated blood enters the fetal heart via the:Inferior vena cava
The four CHD categories are related to:Increased pulmonary blood flow Decreased pulmonary blood flow Obstruction to systemic blood flow Mixed blood flow
Administration of ________ is effective in closing the ductus arteriosus in full-term and premature newbornsIndomethacin
Which palliative procedure can be performed in infants with symptomatic VSD's?Pulmonary artery banding
What is the most common CHD resulting in decreased pulmonary blood flow?Tetralogy of Fallot
Tetralogy of Fallot involves four defects:1. Pulmonary stenosis 2. VSD 3. Right ventricular hypertrophy 4. Overriding aorta
In coarctation of the aorta, blood pressure in the arm is _____ higher than that in the legs20 mm Hg
Iron-deficiency anemia peaks in children between which ages?6 and 24 months
Healthy infants have sufficient iron stores for the first __ to __ months of life4 to 6
What is the recommended amount of iron per day for a child between 7 and 12 months?11mg
Toddlers require how much iron per day?7mg
List 3 iron-rich foods:Red meat Legumes Iron-fortified cereals
How is anemia defined?A decrease in red blood cells, hemoglobin, or both
Anemia reduces the ______ carrying capacity of the bloodOxygen
What are the two classifications of anemia?Hypoproliferative (defective production of erythrocytes) Hemolytic (premature destruction of erythrocytes)
Infants who drink cow's milk have a ___% chance of fecal loss of blood50%
What are signs of mild to moderate anemia?Irritability Weakness Decreased play activity Fatigue
Hemoglobin values of 6 to 10 g/dL is considered:Mild to moderate anemia
What are the clinical signs of a hemoglobin below 5 g/dL?Anorexia Skin pallor Pale mucous membranes Glossitis Spoon fingernails Inability to concentrate Tachycardia Systolic murmurs
Infants should be screened for iron deficiency anemia between which ages?9 to 12 months
Why are adolescents at risk for iron-deficiency anemia?Rapid growth rate Poor eating habits
Health care provider usually prescribe ________ until the hemoglobin value returns to normalOral iron supplementation (ferrous sulfate)
What should be taken with iron supplements?Citrus fruits or juices
Ascorbic acid enhances ______ absorptionIron
Packed RBC's are given only to which children?Severely anemic
Oral preparations of iron should be given how many times daily between meals?3 times daily
What will the stool look like while receiving iron therapy?Dark, tarry, green
Iron levels usually return to normal within how many months of treatment?2 months
Iron deficiency can cause the body to absorb too much ______ when exposedLead
How many African Americans have sickle cell trait?1 in 13
What are some precipitating factors causing the sickling of erythrocytes?Infection Fever Hypoxemia Dehydration High altitudes Cold Emotional stress
Name the three types of sickle cell crisis:1. Vasoocclusive 2. Sequestration 3. Aplastic
Children of what ages with sickle cell anemia are at highest risk of death?Younger than 5
Maintaining adequate ______ can prevent further sicklingHydration
What happens to the red bone marrow in aplastic anemia?Becomes yellow and fatty
What is used to determine whether a patient has sickle cell trait or sickle cell disease?Hemoglobin electrophoresis
What is the only potential cure for sickle cell disease?Bone marrow or stem cell transplantation
Hemophilia is inherited as an _________ recessive disorderX-linked
Which gender is the carrier of hemophilia?Transmitted by female carriers
How many male births are affected by hemophilia?1 in 5000 male births
Classic hemophilia (A) is caused by a deficiency in factor ______.VIII
In hemophilia, where does bleeding most frequently occur?Within the joints and muscles
In hemophilia, the partial thromboplastin time (PTT) is ____________.Prolonged
What is the average age of diagnosis of hemophilia?9 months
What is the purpose of the infusion of the hormone desmopressin?Prevent bleeding from occurring
What does RICE stand for?Rest Ice Compression Elevation
Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) is the decrease in circulating _________ that results in bleeding beneath the skin.Platelets
The onset of ITP is seen in children of which ages?2 to 10 years
The acute form of ITP usually follows what kind of infection?Viral
What is the most serious complication of ITP?Intracranial hemorrhage
What are usually the first signs of ITP?Ecchymosis and petechial rash (usually over bony prominences)
Platelet counts lower than ______ are life-threatening10,000 /mm3
Three-fourths of children with ITP recover within how many months?3 months
Children with chronic ITP that do not respond to therapy usually undergo a _________.Splenectomy
A splenectomy eliminates the site of ________ ________ productionPlatelet antibody
What is the leading cause of disease in children past infancy?Neoplastic disease (cancer)
Leukemia is more common in which gender?Boys
What is the most common form of leukemia in children?Acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL)
In leukemia, there is an overproduction of _______ which accumulate in the marrow.Blast cells (immature WBC's)
Which three problems develop as a result of the overproduction and accumulation of immature WBC's?1. Decrease in RBC production 2. Neutropenia leads to infection 3. Decrease in platelets, causing bleeding
What is often the first symptom of leukemia?Anemia with pallor and fatigue
What is the route of choice for CNS prophylaxis?Intrathecally (directly into cerebrospinal fluid)
What is the drug of choice for CNS prophylaxis?Methotrexate
Which ages are considered to be high-risk when diagnosed with acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL)?Younger than 1 and older than 10
Infection with which virus is a risk factor for developing Hodgkin's lymphoma?Epstein-Barr virus
What is the main diagnostic feature of Hodgkin's lymphoma?Reed-Sternberg cells
What is the common indicator in all immunodeficiency disorders?Unusual or recurrent, severe infections
Why does HIV target T helper lymphocytes?They have more CD4+ receptors on their surface than any other cell
Severe immune problems occur when the CD4+ count drops below ____/uL200/uL
What is the greatest threat to an HIV infected infant younger than one year?Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is more common in which gender?Affects GIRLS twice as much as boys
How is JIA characterized?Chronic inflammation of the synovium with joint effusion
Regular ______ exams are indicated for a child with JIAEye exams
What is the disadvantage of using DMARD's?Increased chance of infection
What do TNF blockers do?Reduce pain, morning stiffness, and joint swelling
What are the disadvantages of TNF blockers?Increased risk of infection Increased chance of lymphoma or other cancer
What are two examples of TNF blockers?etanercept (Enbrel) adalimumab (Humira)
What is respiratory distress caused by?A deficiency of surfactant
Those who survive RDS gradually show improvement by the ___ dayFourth
What kind of feedings are contraindicated in an infant with RDS?Nipple and gavage
How is exogenous pulmonary surfactant administered?Endotracheal tube directly into the lungs
What can the mother be given before delivery to increase the production of pulmonary surfactant in the preterm infant?Betamethasone
How should the infant with RDS be positioned?On the side with head in alignment
Frequent suctioning increases the risk for:Bronchospasm Infection Pneumothorax Hypoxia Increased intracranial pressure
What is the most effective preventative measure for RDS?Prevention of premature delivery
Infants who survive Bronchopulmonaary dysplasia are at risk for:Chronic lung disease
What kind of pneumonia is most common?Viral
Bacterial pneumonias are most common in _____ and ______.Infants and children
What is the most common viral pneumonia in infants and children?Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
What is prescribed as preventative therapy for RSV?Palivizumab
What kind of pneumonias typically run a longer course?Staphylococcal
How many infants die of SIDS?2 out of every 1000
SIDS is often associated with which factors?Premature birth Low birth weight Multiple births CNS and respiratory dysfunctions
What does postmortem examination reveal in an infant with SIDS?Pulmonary edema and intrathoracic hemorrhages
Strengths in visual processing, weakness in grammar and language, and delays in motor development are seen in which cognitive impairment disorder?Down syndrome
All children should be screened for autism at what ages?18 and 24 months
What group of behaviors encompass ADHD?Hyperactivity Inattentiveness Impulsivity
ADHD appears to have a ______ basisGenetic
Which maternal factors are linked to ADHD?Smoking and alcohol use