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level: Digestive

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Digestive

QuestionAnswer
What is the correct order of the digestive tract from mouth to anusMouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestines -Duodenum, Jejunum, Illeum-, Large Intestine -Ascending Colon, Descending Colon-, Rectum
what is another name for the digestive tract?Alimentary canal
What is the order of the layers of the digestive tract?Mucosa - innermost layer Submucosa - contains numerous glands/blood vessels/parasympathetic nerves Muscularis - thick layer of muscle tissue Serosa - outermost layer
What is the location of the major sphincters of the digestive tract?Upper esophageal sphincter - located in the upper part of the esophagus. Lower esophageal sphincter - located at the end of esophagus, beginning of stomach. Pyloric sphincter - located end of stomach, beginning of duodenum. Anal sphincter -located at end of the rectum that surrounds the anus
What is the location of the salivary glands and what do they secrete?Parotid glands - located in upper cheek, produce watery saliva containing enzymes Submandibular glands at the floor of the mouth, enzyme and mucus - producing elements Sublingual glands under the tongue, mucus type saliva
digestioncomplex nutrients are broken down into simpler nutrients
deglutitionswallowing - 3 steps: 1.oral 2.pharyngeal 3. esophageal
masticationchewing
absorptionnutrients move through the mucosa of the GI tract into the internal environment.
peristalsis -wavelike contractions of the stomach and intestines that move food along
elimination -defecation
What are the endocrine and exocrine cells of the pancreas and what do they secrete?exocrine cells produce enzymes to help with the digestion of food endocrine cells produce and secrete hormones such as insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream
What is secreted from the main gastric cells -chief cells, parietal cells and endocrine cell-)?Chief Cells – Pepsin: a protease that begins the digestion of proteins Parietal Cells – Hydrochloric Acid -HCI-: decreases the pH of chyme for activation and optimum function of pepsin; also though to secrete intrinsic factor Endocrine Cells – Ghrelin: hormone that stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete growth hormone and increase appetite
What is the function of the 4 gastric/intestinal hormones discussed in class? -Gastrin, CCK, Secretin, and GIP-Gastrin - gastrin stimulates the stomach to release gastric acid to break down proteins swallowed as food and absorb certain vitamins. CCK- slows down the emptying of food, stimulates the production of bile in the liver as well as its release from the gall bladder into the duodenum. Secretin - involves production of pancreatic fluid thats low in enzyme content and high in bicarbonate GIP- decreases peristalsis and slows passage of chyme into the duodenum
What are the starting and end product of carbohydrate, protein, and fat digestion?Carbohydrates into sugars. Proteins into amino acids. Fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
__ is a major step in the degradation of amino acids.Deamination
___helps protect the tooth against wear and tear of chewing and against chemical substances that might dissolve its inner tissue.Enamel
__is the transfer of digested food through the wall of the stomach or intestine and into the circulatory system.. Absorption
Amylase is made in thepancreas and salivary glands
Chemical digestion of which of the following starts in your mouth?Carbohydrates
Chemical digestion of which of the following starts in your stomach?Proteins
CholecystokininReduces stomach motility and secretion
Digested fats are transported in chyme/small intestines by bile salts as:Micelles
Most of the chemical digestion of food occurs in what part of the small intestineduodenum
Protein, or nitrogen, balance meansProtein anabolism equals catabolism
The exocrine portion of your pancreas is composed of units calledAcini
The lipoproteins -healthy ones- that carry lipids back to the liver for processing into bile are called:HDLs
What part of the cell does the electron transport system take place?Inner mitochondrial membrane
What process breaks food molecules into smaller molecules to release energycatabolism
What process builds up food molecules into more complex molecules?anabolism
Which of the following is a by-product of anaerobic glycolysisLactic Acid