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level: 2.3 Carbohydrates and Lipids

Questions and Answers List

level questions: 2.3 Carbohydrates and Lipids

QuestionAnswer
draw the formation of a disaccharidediagram
What are some examples of monosaccharides (one sugar unit)glucose, galactose and fructose usually sweet tasting and is an immediate energy source for cells
What are some examples of disaccharides (2 sugar units)lactose, sucrose and maltose small enough to be water soluble, transport form of carbohydrates
What are some examples of polysaccharides?cellulose glycogen and starch used for energy storage or cell structure
what does the type of polymer formed depend upon?monosaccharide subunits bonding arrangement between them
Which polymers can be found in plants?cellulose and starch
which polymers can be found in animals?glycogen
What is cellulose? (3 + 2 examples)polysaccharide (structural) found in the cell wall of plants linear molecule made of beta glucose in a 1-4 arrangement b glucose is indigestable to most animals as they lack the enzyme to break it down eg: cows (ruminants) digest cellulose because of bacteria in a specialized stomach eg: rabbits (caecotrophs) will reingest specialized feces that have digested cellulose
What is starch (mention amylose)polysaccharide (energy storage) in plants a glucose in a 1-4 arrangement found as amylose or amylopectin Amylose is a linear (helical) molecule Amylopectin is branched with 1-6 linkages added amylose is harder to digest and is less soluble = but it takes up less space so it is a better storage form
What is glycogen? (3)energy storage polysaccharide in the liver made of a glucose linked with 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) similiar to amylopectin because of branching
What are fatty acids?long hydrocarbon chains in certain lipids (triglycerides and phospholipids) hydrocarbon chain LENGTH can differ and number of DOUBLE BONDS
What are saturated fatty acids?they have no double bonds (max number of H atoms) linear from animal sources (fat) solid at room temp
What are unsaturated fatty acids? (level up)they HAVE DOUBLE BONDS monosaturated = 1 double bond polysaturated = more than1 double bond bent from plant sources (pols) liquid at room temp
What are the two different structures of unsaturated fatty acids?cis isomers trans isomers
What are cis isomers?hydrogen atoms attach to the carbon double bond are on the same side
What are trans isomers?hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon double bond are on different sides
Where do TRANS fatty acids come from? (transgender)don't happen naturally but are produced by an INDUSTRIAL PROCESS called hydrogenation linear even though they are unsaturated solid at room temp
What are triglycerides?long term energy storage animals store them as fats (solids) plants store them as oils (liquids) formed when condensation reactions happen between 1 GLYCEROL AND 3 FATTY ACIDS
Explain the formation of a triglyceridecondensation reaction between 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids hydroxyl group of glycerol joins with the carboxyl group of the fatty acids = ester linkage produces 3 molecules of water can be saturated or unsaturated = depends on the composition of teh fatty acid chain
Which fats increase cholesterol levels in the bloodstream?saturated and trans fats
Which fats lower cholesterol levels?cis unsaturated fats
Example of unsaturated , saturated and trans fatalmonds beef cookies
How is fat and cholesterol transported and why are they transported this way?because they can't dissolve in blood they are packaged with proteins = lipoproteins for transport
What do low density lipoproteins do (LDLs)>carries cholesterol form the liver to the body = raises cholesterol levels - bad
what do high density lipoproteins do (HDL)?carry excess cholesterol back to the liver for disposal = lowers cholesterol levels
How does a high intake of the different types of fat affect cholesterol levels?Saturated fats = increase LDL levels = raises blood cholesterol Trans fats = increase LDL levels AND decreases HDL levels = raises blood cholesterol ALOT Unsaturated (cis) fats = increase HDL levels = lowers blood cholesterol
What does high cholesterol lead to?hardening and narrowing of arteries (artherosclerosis) high levels of LDL = LDL particles forms deposits in the walls fat accumulation = development of plaque which reduces blood flow Coronary Arteries become blocked = CHD which causes heart attacks and strokes
What are the two main health claims about lipids in diet?diets with too much saturated and trans fats = increase in CHD risk Diets with a lot of mono unsat and poly unsat (cis) = decrease CHD risk
What is some evidence that supports that saturated and trans fats increase the risk of CHD?positive correlation with intake of sat fats and CHD in people BUT some populations don't fit this ( maasai tribe have a fat rich diet but low rates of CHD) Intervention studies show that lowering sat fat intake reduces factors = CHD development (BP) BUT study's validity depends on sample size and study duration
What is some evidence that goes against that saturated and trans fats increase the risk of CHD?amount of sat and rans fats in western diets have reduces over last 50 years but CHD cases increases BUT increased carbs causes detrimental health effects as well (eg: diabetes) ALSO CHD depends on other factors as well like exercise
Differences in energy storages of carbs and lipids (5)Storage CARB: short term energy storage LIPID: long term energy storage Osmotic effect CARB: more effect on cell LIPID: less effect on cell Digestion CARB: easily digested LIPID: harder to digest ATP Yield: CARB: stores half as much ATP per gram LIPID: stores 2x as muc ATP per gram Solubility CARB: water soluble as monomers - easy to transport LIPID: not water soluble (hydrophobic) - difficult to transport
How is ATP made?energy made with cell respiration and can be used in metabolism
What is BMI?body mass index measures relative mass based on weight and height to see potential weight problems in sedentary adults
How is BMI calculated?BMI = mass in kg / (height in m)2 squared
Who are the BMI not accurate for?pregnant women professional athletes as they have unrepresentative muscle/ fat ratios used with other measurements SHOULD NOT BE used as a diagnostic tool