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level: Neurologic Disorders, continued

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Neurologic Disorders, continued

QuestionAnswer
What is the most common cause of status epilepticus?Sudden withdrawal of anticonvulsant medication
What is the postictal period?Period after a seizure
Which conditions can cause a seizure?Elevated temperature Drug use Electrolyte imbalance Brain tumors Brain infection Epilepsy
What is the most common type of seizure?Tonic-Clonic
What is the aim of drug therapy for seizures?Prevention; there is no cure
What kind of hygiene is important when receiving long term phenytoin therapy?Oral hygiene; edematous and enlarged gums
Patient with the first signs and symptoms of MS have which type of immune cell in their spinal fluid?Gamma delta T cells
What do the T cells do in the body of a person with MS?T cells attack the body
At what ages does the onset of MS occur?15-50 years
What is not a common symptom of MS?Pain
What is damaged in a person with MS leading to progressive deterioration in neurologic function?Myelin sheath
Involuntary rhythmic movement of the eye is called __________.Nystagmus
What kind of infection is a major problem in MS?Urinary tract infection
What kind of diet is recommended for a patient with MS?High-protein with supplemental vitamins
What can increase fatigue in a patient with MS?Heat; avoid hot baths
What is the average life expectancy after onset of symptoms of MS?25 years
What is the underlying cause of parkinsonism?Damage or loss of the dopamine producing cells
Symptoms of Parkinson's disease occurs at what age?After 50 years
A firm diagnosis of Parkinson's disease can be made when the patient has at least 2 signs of the classic triad:Tremor Rigidity Bradykinesia
What is the ultimate confirmation of Parkinson's disease?Positive response to a low dose trial of antiparkinsonian medication (Sinemet)
The tremor of someone with Parkinson's is described as a ___________ motion of the fingersPill-rolling
What part of the brain primarily experiences neuronal damage in a person with Alzheimer's disease?Cerebral cortex
Which antioxidant-rich foods lower the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease?Citrus fruits Dark greens Tomatoes Brown rice Sweet potatoes & Carrots
What does the term "sundowning" refer to?Increased confusion and agitation in the late afternoon or evening
What is the first drug approved for treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease?Memantine (Namenda)
__________ _________ is an autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junctionMyasthenia Gravis
Patients with myasthenia gravis have ____ as many acetylcholine receptors as normalone-third
What is myasthenia gravis characterized by?Fluctuating muscle weakness of certain skeletal groups
Myasthenia gravis is thought to be triggered by what?Antibodies that attack acetylcholine receptor sites (at the neuro muscular junction)
What are the signs and symptoms of ocular myasthenia gravis?Diplopia (double vision) Ptosis (drooping eyelid)
Which muscles are not as affected in general myasthenia gravis?Distal muscles
Which drug can be used to help with sleep problems in someone with Alzheimer's disease, but may cause hypotension?Trazodone
What is the simplest test for myasthenia gravis?Have the patient look upward for 2-3 minutes
Name at least 3 drugs contraindicated in a person with myasthenia gravis?Anesthetics Antidysrhythmics Antibiotics Quinine Antipsychotics Barbiturates Opioids Sedatives Thyroid preparations
Excision of the _____ reduces symptoms of myasthenia gravis in many patientsThymus
In myasthenia gravis, death results from _________.Respiratory failure
What is the major pathologic change in ALS?Loss of upper and lower motor neurons
Death results from ALS within how many years?2 to 6 years
Which drug helps protect motor neurons damaged by ALS and can add 3 months or more to the persons life?Riluzole (Rilutek)
What is the greatest cause of death in ALS?Respiratory failure
The offspring of a person with Huntington's disease have a ___% chance of inheriting it50%
The person with Huntington's disease has excess ________.Dopamine
What are the caloric requirements of a person with Huntington's disease?4000 to 5000
The symptoms of Huntington's disease are opposite of ___________.Parkinson's disease
A stroke is also called a __________.Brain attack
What is the most common disease of the nervous system?Stroke
Stroke risk can be reduced up to 42% with treatment of __________.Hypertension
When do symptoms of a thrombotic stroke usually occur?During sleep or soon after arising
Stoke resulting from thrombosis is seen in which age group?60 - 90 years
Recurrent rupture is a risk __ to __ days after hemorrhage.7 to 10
When do most TIA's resolve?Within 3 hours
40% of patients that have a TIA will have a stroke within __ to __ years2 to 5
A stroke affecting Broca's area of the brain results in ________ aphasia.Expressive aphasia
Receptive aphasia results when the stroke affects which part of the brain?Wernicke's area
What medication should be started within 96 hours of bleeding with subarachnoid hemorrhage?Calcium channel blocker; Nimodipine (Nimotop)
How long should Nimodipine (Nimotop) be continued to prevent vasospasm?21 days
Patients experiencing acute ischemic stroke benefit from which medication?Thrombolytics; TPA
What can be performed to remove blood clots up to 8 hours after acute stroke onset?Endovascular embolectomy
Why may fluids be restricted for the first few days after a stroke?Prevent edema of the brain
How long does a trigeminal neuralgia attack last?2 to 3 minutes
Describe the pain of trigeminal neuralgia:Kinfelike, or lightning-like shock in the lips, gums, cheek, forehead, or side of nose
Absolute alcohol injected into the branches of the trigeminal nerve provide relief by:Damaging the nerves
Bell's palsy is caused by inflammation involving which nerve?Facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)
Reactivation of ____ may be involved in the majority of Bell's palsy cases.Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
What kind of medication should be started immediately in a patient with Bell's palsy?Corticosteroids; Prednisone
How long does it take people with Bell's palsy to recover?3 to 6 months
What is the first sign of improvement in Bell's palsy?Recovery of taste
GBS is an autoimmune reaction involving the peripheral nerves following what kind of infection?Respiratory or gastrointestinal
The myelin sheath is composed of what kind of cells?Schwan cells
In GBS the antibodies attack the ________ cells, causing the myelin sheath to break down.Schwan
In GBS, where do signs of weakness, tingling, and numbness begin?In the legs
What are NOT causes of GBSSurgery Epstein-Barr virus Viral immunizations
In what order does recovery of GBS occur?Reverse order of how it began
Meningitis is classified as ______ or ______.Viral (aseptic) or Bacterial (septic)
What are the 2 abnormal signs that occur with meningitis?KERNIG'S SIGN- inability to extend legs without extreme pain BRUDZINSKI'S SIGN- flexion of hip and knee when neck is flexed
What type of isolation is required for a patient with meningitis?Respiratory isolation
In meningitis, bacteria colonizes in the __________.Nasopharynx
Acute inflammation of the brain, usually caused by a virus is called:Encephalitis
How is epidemic encephalitis transmitted?Mosquitos and ticks
What is the most common form of viral encephalitis?HSV
What medications are used to control cerebral edema?Osmotic diuretics (Mannitol) Corticosteroids (Dexamthasone)
What is the preferred treatment of HSV encephalitis?Acyclovir
What is the principal route of human infection of West Nile virus?Bite of an infected female mosquito
What is the incubation period of WNV?2 to 14 days
What is the gold standard for insect repellant?DEET
An abnormal benign or malignant mass is called a ________.Neoplasm
The removal of part of the skull without replacement is called:Craniectomy
How many head injuries occur annually in the US?1.7 million
Fractures in what part of the skull are more serious?Base of the skull; near the medulla
What does a Battle's sign usually indicate?Fracture of the lower skull
What medication is given to a patient if seen within 8 hours of a spinal cord injury?High-dose methylprednisolone