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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
What is the body's link with the environment?The nervous system
The neurologic system works in conjunction with the ________ _______ to maintain the body's homeostasisEndocrine system
What are the two main structures of the nervous system?Central and Peripheral
What is the central nervous system made up of?The brain and spinal cord
Which system includes all the nerves that lie outside the CNS?Peripheral nervous system
The peripheral nervous system contains which two divisions?Somatic and Autonomic
The autonomic nervous system is is also called the ______________.Involuntary nervous system
The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are divisions of the __________ system.Autonomic
What is the basic cell of the nervous system?Neuron
The three structures of the neuron are the :Cell body Axon Dendrites
Where is the nucleus of the neuron contained?The cell body
All neurons are governed by which law?The "all-or-none law"
What are the best known neurotransmitters?Acetylcholine Norepinephrine Dopamine Serotonin
A person with parkinson's disease has decreased _______ levels.Dopamine
What are the two main cells of the nervous system?Neurons Neuroglia/glial
Which cells support and protect the neurons while producing cerebrospinal fluid?Neuroglia/glial cells
What is the role of neurons?Carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord
The cylindric extension of a nerve cell that conducts impulses away from the neuron body is the _____.Axon
Which enzyme deactivates the acetylcholine once the message has been sent?Cholinesterase
Which neurotransmitter induces sleep, affects sensory perception, controls temperature, and controls mood?Serotonin
Dopamine affects primary _______ ________.Motor function
What is norepinephrine responsible for?Maintains arousal Dreams Regulation of mood
How do the nodes of Ranvier further increase the rate of transmission?Because the impulse can jump from node to node
The _________ helps regenerate injured axons.Neurilemma
Where does the regeneration of nerve cells occur?Peripheral nervous system
Cells damaged in the CNS result in _______ ______.Permanent damage
How much does the brain weigh?3 lbs
What are the four principal parts of the brain?Cerebrum Diencephalon Cerebellum Brainstem
What does each hemisphere of the cerebrum control?Movement on the opposite side of the body
What is the cerebral cortex composed of?Gray matter
What is the largest part of the brain?Cerebrum
What do basal nuclei control?Automatic body movement Posture
The diencephalon is also called the ________.Interbrain
The thalamus and hypothalamus are contained in the _________.Diencephalon
The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic system are controlled by the _________.Hypothalamus
Which part of the brain coordinates and smooths movement?Cerebellum
The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are contained in the __________.Brainstem
What are the two main functions of the spinal cord?Conduct impulses to and from brain Reflex actions
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?31 pairs
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?12 pairs
How are the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems antagonistic?Sympathetic accelerates an action Parasympathetic slows an action
What is the earliest sign of increased ICP?Decreased LOC
What are the two components of LOC?Arousal (wakefulness) Awareness
Awareness has 4 components:1. Orientation 2. Memory 3. Calculation 4. Fund of knowledge
What are the three parts of the Glasgow coma scale?Eye opening Verbal Motor
What is a benefit of the FOUR score coma scale, which differs from the Glasgow coma scale?Allows evaluation of intubated patients
List the four categories of the FOUR score coma scale?Eye response Brainstem reflexes Motor response Respiration
Where is the function of speech located in the brain for all right-handed people and most left-handed people?Dominant hemisphere; left side of the brain
Inability to comprehend the spoken or written word is called:Sensory/receptive aphasia
Inability to speak or write using symbols of speech is called:Motor/expressive aphasia
Define global aphasiaInability understand the spoken word or to speak
What is anomic aphasia?Inability to name objects
What is dysarthria?Difficult or poorly articulated speech
A lower motor lesion causes the muscles to be __________.Flaccid
What kind of lesion might causes the muscled to become spastic?Upper motor lesion
What is the complete loss of function called?Paralysis
Define paresis:Partial loss of function
The body's sense, based in internal stimuli of its own position and limb movements is called:Proprioception
How many lymphocytes does CSF contain per milliliter?10
Low levels of CSF may indicate an infection such as _____________.Meningitis
How is the patient positioned during a lumbar puncture?On side with knee and head flexed at acute angle
How should the patient lay after a lumbar puncture?Flat in bed for several hours
What medication is usually not helpful in relieving a headache due to lumbar puncture?Opioids
What is the diagnostic test of choice for many neurologic diseases?MRI
What are the 3 classifications of a headache?Vascular Tension Traction-inflammation
Migraines are 3 times more common in ________Women
What is the age of onset for migraines?10-45 years
Taking ibuprofen, aspirin, and acetaminophen more than 3 times a week for headaches can cause what?Rebound headaches
What is the first line of therapy for moderate to severe headaches?Triptans
What are triptans calssified as?Selective serotonin receptor agonists
What kind of headache occurs daily for a period of time and then subsides?Cluster headache
Which gender more commonly experiences cluster headaches?Male
What is Horner's syndrome?Small pupil or eyelid drooping on one side
What is a presenting sign of cluster headaches?Horner's syndrome
What has been found to be a significant causes of cluster headaches?Alcohol
Unbearable pain that does not respond to treatment is called __________ pain.Intractable
_________ do not appear as helpful for neuropathic pain.Opioids
Pain receptors are not _______Adaptable; they are specific to pain
What are late signs of increased ICP?Rise in systolic pressure Widening pulse pressure Bradycardia Abnormal respiration
What is diplopia?Double vision
Late signs of increased ICP together are called:Cushing's response
What kind of vomiting is present in a patient with increased ICP?Unexpected vomiting; projectile and unaccompanied by nausea
What are two (easily detectable) objective signs of increased ICP?Vomiting and hiccups (singultus)
Dilating pupils that do not respond to light are a sign of impending ________.Herniation
What is the first most subtle clue to trouble regarding increased ICP?Sluggish pupil response
What happens in papilledema?The retina becomes compressed and cannot respond to light rays
Lumbar puncture is not performed in someone with _________.Increased ICP
Why is a lumbar puncture not performed on a patient with increased ICP?Sudden release of pressure in the skull can lead to pressure on the cardiac and respiratory centers
Regarding increased ICP, the goal is to maintain the PaO2 at ____ mm Hg100
What is the first step in management of increased ICP?Adequate oxygenation
What are the three types of medications administered to treat increased ICP?Osmotic diuretics Corticosteroids Anticonvulsants
What is an example of an osmotic diuretic (hyperosmolar drug)?Mannitol
Mannitol reduces increased ICP within ____ minutes and effects last ______ hoursWithin 15 minutes, lasts 5-6 hours
What is the most common anticonvulsant drug administered to someone with increased ICP?Phenytoin (Dilantin )
What is the most common procedure to detect pathologic conditions of muscle?EMG
What is the best position for paralyzed patients able to tolerate it?Prone; place pillow under chest
How often is passive ROM indicated for all joints that the patient cannot move voluntarily?At least 3 times a day
Organic brain damage causing a partial or total loss to recognize familiar objects or familiar people is called what?Agnosia
What is the most important nursing intervention for a patient with sensory dysfunction?Teach the patient protective measures
What is status epilepticus?When full consciousness is not regained between seizures