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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
1. DNA loops twice around histone octamer 2. Nucleosome is the histone octamer complex with DNA loopsCharacteristics of chromatin structure. What is a nucleosome
Condensed, transcriptionally inactive. high methylation, low acetylation Ej: Barr bodies (inactive X Chromosome)Characteristics of Heterochromatin
Less condensed, transcriptionally active. --> Euchromatin is ExpressedEuchromatin Characteristics
Represses transcription in DNA --> Methylation makes DNA mute In template strand distingue entre old y newDNA methylation
Reversibly represses DNA transcription, but can activate it. --> Mostly makes DNA muteHistone methylation
Relaxes DNA coiling allowing for transcription --> Acetylation makes DNA ActiveHistone acetylation
Base + deoxyribose (Sugar)Que es un NucleoSide?
Base + Deoxyribose + phosphaTeQue es un NucleoTide?
PURE As Gold --> Adenina y GuaninaCuáles son las PURINAS?
CUT the PY --> Citosina, uracilo, timinaCuáles son las PIRIMIDINAS?
Adenina con timina (2 H bonds) y Guanina con citocina (3 H bonds) Crazy GlueCómo son las uniones entre las bases nitrogenadas?
1. deaminación 2. deaminación 3. metilación1. Cómo se sintetiza guanina de adenosina? 2. Cómo se sintetiza uracilo de citocina? 3. Cómo se sintetiza timina de uracilo?
Leflunamide: dihidroorotato deshidrogenasa MTX, TMP, Pyrimethamine: Dihidrofolato reductasa 5-FU: Thymidylate synthase 6-MP: producción de novo de purinas Mycophenolato: inosine monophosphate dehidrogenase Hydoxyurea: ribonucleotide reductaseQué inhibe Leflunomide, metrotexate, TMP, pyrimethamine, 5-FU, 6-MP, Mycophenolato, hydroxyurea?
Necesaria para degradación de adenosina y deoxiadenosina por lo que aumenta dATP --> tóxico para linfocitos --> Causa SCIDCaracterísticas de deficiencia de adenosina deaminasa y que hace esta encima?
1. Hipoxantina-Guanina Fosforibosil transferasa (HGPRT) 2. Converts hipoxantina to IMP and guanina GMP. Hay exceso de acido urico y producción de purinas de novo. 3. Hyperuricemia, Gout (orange sand in diaper), Pissed off (aggression, self mutilation), Retardation, disTonia 4. X linkedCaracterísticas de Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. 1. Enzima deficiente 2. Función 3. Características clínicas 4. Genética
Specific base pairing is usually only required in the first 2 nucleotide positionCual es la Wobble Hypothesis?
Methionine and tryptophanAminoácidos que solo se codifican poor un codon?
Glycine, Aspartate, Glutamine--> GAGAmino acids necessary for purine synthesis:
Y shaped region along DNA templateReplication Fork
Unwinds DNA templateHelicase
Break in the helix to add or remove supercoils. Irinotecan: topoisomerasa I Etoposide: Topoisomerasa II Fluoroquinolones: prokaryotic topoisomerase II and IVDNA topoisomerases and inhibitors
Makes an RNA primer para que polymerase III initiate replicationPrimase
Elongates leading strandDNA polymerase III
Degrades RNA primer and replaces with DNADNA polymerase I
Joins Okazaki fragmentsDNA ligase
Adds DNA to 3' to avoid loss of genetic materialTelomerase
1.Purine to purine or pyrimidine to pyrimidine 2. purine to pyrimidineMutations in DNA 1.Transition 2.Transversion
El cambio de nucleotido codifica para la misma proteínaSilent Mutation
Resulting in changed aminoacid. Sickle cell anemia ( glutamic acid --> valine) Nonsense: codifica para un STOPMissense mutation and example Nonsense
Deletion or insertion of a number of nucleotides not divisible by 3. Causes misreading Duchenne, Tay-SachsFrameshift mutation and example
Mutation at a splice siteSplice site
Example of a genetic response to an environmental change En E.coli cuando hay cambio de sustrato de alta glucosa a alta lactosa.Lac operon