| geology | the study of earth |
| earth's layers | 1. crust
2. mantle
3. core |
| what are rocks | solid substances made out of grains of minerals |
| the type of rock depends on.... | the size and type of the mineral |
| what minerals is granite made of | feldspar, quartz, mica |
| what are the characteristics of minerals | 1. naturally occuring
2. inorganic
3. specific chemical compositions
4. solid |
| minerals can be categorized based on their... | luster, hardness, streak, colour |
| what is soil | rock and mineral pieces mixed together includes organic material called humus |
| different types of soil depend on | the spaces between particles, the nutrients provided |
| types of soil | sandy, clay, slit, peat |
| types of rocks | igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks, sedimentary rocks |
| what are igneous rocks made of and how are they formed | they are made of magma, When magma cools it becomes Igneous rock. |
| what is the difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks | Extrusive rocks are formed on the surface of the Earth from lava, which is magma that has emerged from underground.
Intrusive rocks are formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust of the planet, they don’t reach the surface. . |
| give an example of an intrusive igneous | granite |
| give an example of an extrusive igneous | obsidian |
| what is Metamorphism | process of changing form |
| what affects the type of igneous rocks | The time it takes the magma to cool, and the location of the cooling |
| what are the types of sedimentary rocks | clastic, organic, chamical |
| what changes does a rock need to change into a metamorphic rock | changes of heat and pressure to change into another form. |
| give an example of a metamorphic rock (before and after) | shale-> slate, limestone -> marble, igneous -> gneiss |
| exogenous factors | weathering, erosion, deposition |
| what are the types of weathering | chemical, physical, biotc |
| example on chemical weathering | acid rain, rain in general |
| example on physical weathering | freeze-thaw |
| example on biotic weathering | plants growing from rocks which breaks them |
| what is erosion | the process which rocks are transported by natural forces such as wind or water. |
| give ways of erosion | Gravity,
Water,
Wind. |
| what is diffusion | movement of atoms from high concentration to low concentration |
| what molecules are in H2O | 2 hydrogen, one oxygen |
| concentration? | amount of substamce n a specific area |
| in order for diffusion to happen there needs ro be | concentration gradient
permeability |
| types of permeability | permeable
impermeable
semi-permeable |
| equilibrium | balance |
| particles always seek- | -equilibrium |
| solution | mixture of solvent and solute |
| types of solutions | hypertonic: solute<solvent
hypotonic: solvent<solute
isotonic: solute=solvent |
| concentration gradient | difference in concentration |
| osomisis | diffusion of water molecules across the membrane |
| dilute | has more or less of a solute |
| plant cells have ... | cell walls |
| if a plant cell loses too much water it becomes | plasmolysed |
| if a plant cell gains too much water it becomes | turgid |
| factors that affect diffusion | temp.
concentration
molecule size
surface area |
| atom? | the smallest indivisible unit of matter |
| indivisible? | cannot be broken down any further |
| element? | a group of identical atoms |
| molecule | a group of atoms chemically joined together, can be the same or different |
| abundant? | prevelent/common |
| compounds | group of DIFFERENT atoms joined together |
| what did thomson discover and what was his model's name?. | he discovered electrons, his model was called the plum pudding |
| what did ruthford discover | protons are centered in the nucleas |
| what did bohr discover | the electrons orbit the nucleus that has the protons |
| what did chadwick discover | chadwick discovered neutrons (no charge) and that they are centered in the nucleus with the protons |
| parts of the atom? | protons+nutrons in nucleus
electrons orbiting |
| relative mass of protons? | 1 |
| relative mass of electrons? | 1 |
| relative mass of neutrons? | 0.0005 |
| how many groups are i n the periodic table? | eight |
| how are periods arranged in the periodic table? | arranged by the atomic number ,which increases by 1 from left to right |
| how do you find the amount of nutrons? | atomic number-atomic mass= number of neutrons |
| what is a mixture | a mixture of elements/compouds not chemically joined together |
| what does the prefix mono mean? | 1 |
| what does the prefix di mean? | 2 |
| what does the prefix tri mean? | 3 |
| name the compound of metals and non-metals,
magnesium+sulfur?
beryllium+florine? | magnesium sulfide,
beryllium floride |
| name the compound of oxygen,
carbon+1atom of oxygen | carbon monoxide |
| name the compound of hydrogen and oxygen,
sodium+hydrogen+oxygen?
potassium+hydrogen+oxygen? | sodium hydroxide
potassium hydroxide |
| does the size of the atom decrease or increase as we go down a group in the periodic table? | increase |
| what is chromatography | a method of separating mixtures and analyising them |
| what are the methods of separating mixutes? | chromatography
sieving
evaporation/condensation |
| what are physical changes? | changes in state |
| what are chemical changes | when a new substance is formed
or burning |
| what is cellular respiration | breaking down glucose to get energy with the help of oxygen, to take the energy and release CO2 and water |
| what numbers on the ph scale show acidity | 0-6.9 |
| what numbers on the ph scale show neutral | 7 |
| what numbers on the ph scale show base | 7.1-14 |
| whenever you mix an acid and a base you get | H2O +NaCl |
| adding an acid and a base is called the process of | neutralization |
| what are the indicators of a reaction | fizzing
bubbles
change in colour
smell
heat |
| indicators to test acids and bases | litmus paper
universal indicator
ph meter |
