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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
The digestive tract is also called the ______ ______.Alimentary canal
How long is the digestive tract?9 m (30 ft)
What does the digestive tract mainly consist of?Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Anus
Which organs aid in the digestive process, but are not considered part of the digestive tract?Accessory organs; Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas (and teeth, tongue, salivary glands, appendix)
Tiny elevations on the tongue called ______ contain the taste buds.Papillae
Enzymes in the mouth begin the chemical breakdown of ________.Carbohydrates
What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?Parotid Submandibular Sublingual
How man mL of saliva are secreted every day?1000 to 15000 mL
What is the major salivary enzyme?Salivary amylase (ptyalin)
Which enzyme destroys bacteria in the mouth?Lysozyme
The esophagus is a muscular, collapsible tube that is _____ long.25 cm (10 in)
How long does it take for peristalsis to move bolus through the pharynx, to the esophagus, and to the stomach?5 to 6 seconds
Where is the stomach located?Upper left abdominal quadrant
The stomach can hold a volume of _____.1 to 1.5 L
Where is the stomach's entrance?The cardiac sphincter
Where does the digestion of protein begin?In the stomach
What softens the connective tissues of meats, kills bacteria, and activates pepsin?Hydrochloric acid
What is released to protect the stomach lining?Mucin
The stomach breaks food down into a substance called _____.Chyme
What are the 3 major sections of the small intestine?Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
What percentage of digestion takes place in the small intestine?90%
What is essential in breaking down proteins into their amino acid components, in reducing fats to glycerol and fatty acids, and converting starch to simple sugars?Pancreatic juices
What finger-like projections in the small intestine aid in digestion by absorbing products into the blood stream?Villi
The ileocecal valve releases contents of digestion into the ________.Large intestine
What are the 4 major functions of the large intestine?1. Completion of absorption of water 2. Manufacture of vitamins 3. Formation of feces 4. Expulsion of feces
What is the function of the veriform appendix?Stores nonpathologic bacteria until they are needed for digestion
What is the wormlike, tubular structure that hands from the cecum?Veriform appendix
Which vitamins are produced in the large intestine?Vitamin K B-Complex Vitamins
What is the largest glandular organ?The Liver
How much blood is delivered to the liver every minute?1500 mL
What is bile necessary for?The emulsification of fats
The liver releases 500 mL to 1000 mL of bile per day, which travels to the _______.Gallbladder
What produces the main source of body heat at rest?The liver
What is the pear-shaped organ measuring 7-10cm?Gallbladder
What is the primary function of the gallbladder?Store and eject bile into the duodenum for digestion of fats
Which enzymes do pancreatic juices contain?Protease Lipase Amylase
What are the 3 major components of chyme which are digested by the enzymes in pancreatic juice?Proteins Fats Carbohydrates
What part of the brain signals the individual to eat, and to stop eating?Hypothalamus
What is achlorhydria?Absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice
What are the causes of dental decay?-Dental plaque -The strength of acids and inability of saliva to neutralize them -Length of time acids are in contact with teeth -Susceptibility to teeth decay
Thrush appears commonly in which indivdual?Newborn infant who becomes infected while passing through the birth canal
How does candidiasis appear?Pearly, bluish-white "milk curd" lesions
Tumors of the submaxillary gland have a high incidence of ________.Malignancy
What are the two common types of cancers of the lip?Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma
What is the clinical manifestation of carcinoma of the mouth?Leukoplakia
When is a biopsy recommended of a leukoplakia?If the lesion persists more than 2 weeks
Most oral cancers occur in which individual?Men over 60
What is the purpose of radiation therapy?To shrink the tumor
What is GERD?A backward flow of stomach acid up into the esophagus
When is reflux most common?Postprandial state (after meals)
What are the 2 major symptoms of GERD?1. Heartburn (pyrosis) 2. Regurgitation
What can develop if GERD is left untreated?Barrett's esophagus (precancerous changes in the esophageal lining)
How should the head of the bed be elevated for a patient with GERD?6-8 inches using wooden block or foam wedges
Early esophageal cancer typically has what kind of symptoms?NO symptoms
What is the most common symptom of esophageal carcinoma?Progressive dysphagia over a 6 month period
Define anastomosisSurgical joining of two ducts, blood vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to the other.
What is achalasia or cardiospasm?The inability of a muscle to relax, particularly the cardiac sphincter
In extreme cases of achalasia, how much can the dilated portion of the esophagus hold?A liter or more
What is the primary symptom of achalasia?Dysphagia
What is the preferred surgical approach to achalasia?Cardiomyotomy
What is the preferred surgical approach to achalasia?Cardiomyotomy
What is gastritis?The inflammation of the lining of the stomach
Where do peptic ulcers most commonly occur?Stomach (gastric ulcer Duodenum (duodenal ulcer)
What does the term peptic ulcer refer to?Acid in the digestive tract that eroding the mucosal lining of the stomach, esophagus, or duodenum.
What are the most common causes of peptic ulcers?H. Pylori bacteria NSAIDs Smoking/chewing tobacco Alcohol
Upset stomach and vague GI complaints are referred to as _______.Dyspepsia
List the purpose of nasogastric intubation:Decompression Feeding Compression Lavage
What is the most common neoplasm or malignant growth in the stomach?Adenocarcinoma
What is a definite risk factor for gastric cancer?Infection with H. pylori, especially at an early age
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is elevated in advanced _______________.Gastric cancer
What is dumping syndrome?Rapid gastric emptying of undigested food to the small intestine; causes distention of the duodenum or jejunum
Dumping syndrome is the direct result of what?The surgical removal of a large portion of the stomach and pyloric sphincter
Patients with dumping syndrome should eat a diet low in _______.Carbohydrates
How should a patient with dumping syndrome position themselves after meals?Recline for one hour
How often should patients with a total gastrectomy have their B12 levels checked?Every 1-2 years
What kind of therapy is of little value in treating stomach cancer?Radiation therapy
The partial or complete separation of wound edges is called:Dehiscence
What is evisceration?Protrusion of viscera through the wound
E. Coli O157:H7 contaminates large amounts of meat, especially ________.Ground beef
Which strain of E. Coli is not part of the normal flora of the human intestine?E. Coli O157:H7
Which medications prevent the intestines from getting rid of E. Coli?Antidiarrheals
C. difficile is known as what kind of infection?Facility acquired
How long can C. difficile spores survive on inanimate objects?70 days
C. difficile is not destroyed by which method of hand washing?Antiseptic hand rub
Define tenesmus :Ineffective and painful straining during defecation
What happens to the inner lining of the small intestine when a person with Celiac disease consumes gluten?The lining is damaged, and the villi is destroyed
In relation to celiac disease, once gluten is removed from the diet how long will it take for damage to the intestine to be resolved?3-6 months
What factor is not considered a cause of IBS, but can exacerbate symptoms?Stress
What is NOT usually present in a patient with IBS?Weight loss and nocturnal symptoms
In diagnosing IBS, what does Rome III criteria include?Abdominal discomfort at least 3 days/month, in the last 3 months At least two of the following 1. Relief with defecation 2. Onset associated with change in stool frequency 3. Onset associated with stool appearance
Ulcerative colitis is slightly more common in ____. Crohn's disease is slightly more common in ____.Ulcerative colitis- Females Crohn's disease- Males
People with ulcerative colitis commonly have a family member with ________.Crohn's disease
Ulcerative colitis usually begins in the ______ and moves towards the _______.Rectum, moves towards the cecum
Characteristic diarrhea of ulcerative colitis contains:Pus and blood
Why are antidiarrheal agents preferred for those with ulcerative colitis over anti-cholinergic agents?Anti-cholinergic drugs can mask obstruction/ contribute to toxic colonic dilation
What is a common cause of peristomal skin infection?Candida albican s
Where can Crohn's disease occur?Anywhere in the GI tract; mouth to anus
What kind of pain is characteristic of Crohn's disease?Right lower quadrant
What will the stool of a person with Crohn's disease contain?Mucous and pus; no blood
What is steatorrhea?Excess fat in the feces