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level: Level 1 of Musculoskeletal

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1 of Musculoskeletal

QuestionAnswer
How many bones is the musculoskeletal system composed of?206
List the 5 basic functions of the musculoskeletal system:1. Support 2. Protection 3. Movement 4. Mineral storage 5. Hematopoiesis
Where is red bone marrow found?In the ends of the long bones
As a person ages, red bone marrow converts to:Yellow bone marrow; composed of fat cells
What are the 2 important functions of joints?1. Hold bones together to form the skeleton 2. Allow movement and flexibility of the skeleton
Describe the type of movement each class of joint provides:Synarthrosis- No movement Amphiarthrosis- Slight movement Diarthrosis- Free movement
What is the axial skeleton composed of?Skull Hyoid bone Vertebral column Thorax
What is the appendicular skeleton composed of?Upper extremities Lower extremities Shoulder girdle Pelvic girdle (EXCLUDING sacrum)
85% of all body heat is produced by:Contraction of the skeletal muscles
Which angle of extension indicates hyperextension?more than 180 degrees
What is the "All or none law"?When a muscle cell is shocked or stimulated adequately, it will contract completely
Why is a paralyzed extremity incapable of producing movement?The muscles are no longer receiving stimuli from nerve fibers
What is the most common discomfort after a myelogram?Headache
Where is the needle inserted in a myelogram?Below the level of the spinal cord at the fourth or fifth lumbar space
What type of metal is typically safe during an MRI?Titanium
What kind of scan should not be used unnecessarily because of the radiation exposure?Computed Tomography (CT)
A CT scan is ______ times more sensitive than a radiograph machine100
The puncture of a patient's joint with a needle and the withdrawal of synovial fluid for diagnostic purposes is known as:Arthrocentesis
What does synovial fluid look like if disease is present?Cloudy Milky Snaguineous Yellow/Green/Gray
Bone loss can be completely reversed if immobilization is limited to how long?1 to 2 months
What are the 4 classic symptoms of RA?1. Morning stiffness 2. Joint pain 3. Muscle weakness 4. Fatigue
Describe the exercise program for RA:2 or 3 10-15 minute daily sessions of quiet exercises to put joints through ROM
What are the common ages for onset of AS?between 15 and 35
In AS, pain is more pronounced when the patient is in which position?Erect position
AS primarily affects which part of the musculoskeletal system?Spine
What helps a patient with AS to extend the spine?Lying on the abdomen for 15-30 minutes 4 times a day
Which inflammatory disorder is known as "degenerative joint disease"?Osteoarthritis
Which joints are primarily affected in men and women with osteoarthritisWomen- Hands Men- Hips
What is the most common form of arthritis?Osteoarthritis
What is the most serious form of arthritis?Rheumatoid arthritis
Gout is a metabolic disease resulting from:Accumulation of uric acid in the blood
How should bone resorption inhibitors be administered?With 6-8 oz of water; remain upright 30 minutes
Osteomyelitis is an infection of the:Bone and bone marrow
To prevent osteoporosis, excess ________ should be decreased in the diet.Protein
What is the daily recommended intake of calcium for postmenopausal women who are not taking estrogen?1500 mg
What is the most common causative organism of osteomyelitis?Staphylococci
What is a sequestrum?Necrotic bone that is partially or entirely detached from the healthy bone
What kind of precautions are necessary for a patient with osteomyelitis?Drainage and secretion precautions
What is arthrodesis?The surgical fusion of a joint
What are the 3 compartments of the knee?1. Medial, inside compartment 2. Lateral, outside compartment 3. Patellofemoral compartment; where the kneecap rests
When is unicompartmental knee arthroplasty performed?When only one of the knee's compartments has been affected by arthritic changes
Total knee replacement can be performed on patients of which ages?All ages
When should neurovascular checks be performed after a total hip replacement?Every hour for 24 hours, every 2 hours for the next 24 hours, and then every 4 hours
Hip flexion following a total hip replacement should be limited to ____ degrees for 2-3 months.90 degrees
What kind of drugs might someone with reflux disease take, that cause malabsorption of calcium?Antacids Proton pump inhibitors
Why might blood glucose levels be elevated in someone with a hip fracture?Because of the stress of the trauma
An abduction splint should be used for how may days after a fractured hip?7-10 days
What is a fracture?An injury to a bone in which the continuity of the tissue of the bone is broken
Fractures that occur without trauma are referred to as:Pathologic or spontaneous fractures
Describe a comminuted fracture:Bone is splintered into 3 or more fragments
Describe a transverse fracture:Fracture runs directly across the bone at a right angle (towards the bone's axis)
What type of fracture runs diagonally across the bone at a 45 degree angle to the shaft of the bone?Oblique fracture
Which type of fracture is most common in children?Greenstick fracture
What is a greenstick fracture?An incomplete fracture; fracture line extends only partially through the bone
What kind of fracture is common when a person uses their hands to break a fall?Colle's fracture
What kind of fracture occurs at the distal end of the fibula?Pott's fracture
What are the bony deposits that form between and around the broken ends of a bone during healing?Callus
What is creptis?A grating sound that may be heard when limb is moved gently
What are the seven P's of orthopedic assessment?Pain Pallor Paresthesia Paralysis Polar temperature Puffiness Pulselessness
The head of the bed should be raised to no more than ____ degrees for a patient with a vertebral fracture30 degrees
The _____ has a rich blood supply; a fracture may result in extensive blood loss.Pelvis
What is the most threatening complication of a pelvis fracture?Hemorrhage
How long does a patient with a pelvis fracture remain on bedrest? How long do the walk with crutches?Bedrest- 3 weeks Crutches- 6 weeks
What is the pathological condition caused by the development of arterial vessel compression and reduced blood supply to an extremity (one of the body's compartments)Compartment syndrome
In relation to compartment syndrome, irreversible muscle ischemia can occur within __ hours.6
How should the limb be elevated in a person with compartment syndrome?No higher than heart level; maintain arterial pressure
Describe a Volksmann's contractureA permanent contracture; clawhand, flexion of wrist and fingers, and atrophy of forearm.
As shock progresses, what can occur?Hypothermia
What are shock trousers?Pneumatic trousers used to counteract hypotension associated with internal/external bleeding and hypovolemia
Which position should be avoided for a person experiencing shock?Trendelensburg
What is the most serious complication of long bone fractures?Pulmonary fat embolism syndrome
How often should a patient with a fat embolism be repositioned before immobilization?As little as possible; danger of dislodging more fat droplets into the general circulation
A severe infection of the skeletal muscle caused by gram-positive clostridial bacteria is know as:Gas Gangrene
Where is clostridial bacteria normally found?In soil, and human intestinal tracts
In addition to administering antibiotics, what else is included in the medical management of gas gangrene?Establishing a larger wound opening to admit air and promote drainage
How should equipment and linens be disinfected when caring for a patient with gas gangrene?Autoclaved
What medications are administered to a person with a thromboembolous?Anticoagulants; warfarin, heparin, enoxaparin
A person with which kind of fractures are at high risk of developing thromboembolous?Pelvic and hip fractures
What is a delayed union?A fracture that does not heal within usual time
What is a nonunion?Ends of the fractured bone fail to unite after 6 to 9 months
What can cause a nonunion?Infection and poor perfusion
Which fixation technique is becoming more popular because is provides rigid support of open fractures, infected nonunions, and infected unstable joints?Skeletal pin external fixation
Cast bracing is based on the concept that:limited weight-bearing helps promote the formation of the bone
What is a common problem that develops with cast bracing?Edema around the knee
A spica cast covers which parts of the body?The trunk and one or both extremities
Cast syndrome involves acute obstruction of the:Duodenum
Buck's, Russell's and Bryant's are types of:Skin traction
How does Russell's traction differ from Buck's traction?A sling supports the affected leg
How should a cane be held?In the opposite hand of the affected extremity
What is the most common soft tissue injury?Contusions
In addition to elevation, how are most contusions treated?Ice bags or cold packs; 15-20 minute periods over 12-36 hours
What does RICE stand for?R- Rest I- Ice C- Compression E- Elevation
What is a subluxation?Partial or incomplete dislocation
Carpal tunnel is most common in which individuals?-Obese middle-aged women -Individuals with occupations involving repetitious motions of the fingers and hands
Formation of Heberden nodes is caused by:Osteoarthritis
What is typically the patient's way of relieving discomfort in carpal tunnel?Vigorously shaking or exercising the hands
Which type of herniations are most common?Lumbar and cervical
Osteogenic sarcoma most commonly affects which individual?Males ages 10-25
What is the most common benign osteogenic tumor?Osteochondroma
Amputee patients should be placed in which position at least twice a day?Prone