Buscar
Estás en modo de exploración. debe iniciar sesión para usar MEMORY

   Inicia sesión para empezar

level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
Thrombocytopenia refers to:A decreased number of platelets
Define homozygous:Having two identical genes inherited from each parent for a given hereditary characteristic
Define erythrocytosis:Overproduction of circulating erythrocytes
When the WBC count is extremely low, the patient suffers from:Leukopenia; (less than 5000 cells/mm3)
What kind of hygiene is crucial in someone with agranulocytosis?Meticulous and frequent oral hygiene to treat or prevent mouth and pharyngeal infection
List the 4 common types of leukemia:1. Acute Lymphocytic leukemia 2. Acute myeloid leukemia 3. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia 4. Chronic myeloid leukemia
What is the first step in the clotting mechanism?Production of a hemostatic plug, followed by clotting
What does the hematocrit lab value measure?The volume percentage of red blood cells in the whole blood
How do leukocytes (WBC's) differ from erythrocytes (RBC's)?WBC's have nuclei, are colorless, and can live a few days to several years
What are the 3 types of granular WBC's?Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils
What are the 2 types of agranular WBC's?Leukocytes and monocytes
What does the term phagocytosis refer to?The process by which bacteria, cellular debris, and solid particles are destroyed and removed
What are the primary phagocytic cells involved in acute inflammatory response?Neutrophils
What is the most reliable indicator of the body's level of infection?Differential WBC count
What are immature neutrophils called?Bands
What are mature neutrophils called?Segs; nucleus is segmented into 2-5 lobes connected by strands
An increased number of bands (bandemia) signifies:Serious bacterial infection
Excess bands in the peripheral blood stream was commonly known as:"A shift to the left"
Which type of WBC is effective against certain parasitic worms?Eosinophil
Which type of WBC releases histamine during tissue damage or invasion?Basophil
What are the normal values for eosinophils?1%-4%
The normal value for basophils are:0.5%-1%
What is the second type of WBC to arrive at the scene of an injury?Monocytes
Name the 2 groups of lymphocytes:1. T cells 2. B cells
Which cells set up the antigen-antibody process, which protect the body?T cells and B cells
What are the normal values of lymphocytes?20%-40%
The body stores a 6 day supply of which type of WBC?Neutrophils
A patient containing which type of blood is known as the "universal recipient"?AB
Which 2 reactions can occur between donor and recipient blood?Agglutination and Hemolysis
What occurs in agglutination?Donor cells clump together because of the antibodies, occluding arteries. Can result in death.
When antibodies cause RBC's of donor recipient blood to rupture and release their contents, this is known as:Hemolysis; can lead to death
How do Rh antigens develop?As an immune response after transfusion or during pregnancy
What does lymphatic fluid consist of?Protein, water, fats, and waste
How many lymph nodes does the body contain?500-600
The blood produces which 3 critical functions?1. Transports oxygen & nutrition to cells, and waste away from cells, & hormones from endocrine glands to tissues and cells 2. Regulates acid-base balance, regulates body temperature, controls water content of cells 3. Protects body against infection & prevents blood loss
What is the normal lifespan of an RBC?120 days
What happens when the amount of oxygen delivered to the tissues by RBC's decreases?The kidney releases a hormone: renal erythropoietic (erythropoietin)
What is erythropoiesis?The process of RBC production
Which lab values often test high if the patient is dehydrated?Hemoglobin and hematocrit
What are the normal WBC levels?5,000 to 10,000/mm of blood
What are the two broad categories of WBC?Granual and agranular
List the 3 types of granular WBC's:Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
List the agranular WBC's:Lymphocytes and Monocytes
What are the smallest cells in the blood?Thrombocytes (platelets)
What is the lifespan of a thrombocyte?5-9 days
Which 3 actions take place in hemostasis?1. Vessel spasm 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Clot formation
3 basic functions of the Lymphatic system:1. Maintenance of fluid balance 2. Production of lymphocytes 3. Absorption and transportation of lipids from the intestine to the bloodstream
Which 2 infections are associated with Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?Epstein-Barr and human T cell leukemia/lymphoma
People in farming communities have a higher chance of developing:Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma; due to pesticide exposure
What type of cell is found in Hodgkin's Lymphoma?Reed-Sternberg
What is the main diagnostic feature of Hodgkin's Lymphoma?Reed-Sternberg cells in lymph node biopsy specimens
Which organs are mainly affected in Hodgkin's Lymphoma?Lungs, Spleen, and Liver
What usually causes Lymphangitis?Acute streprococcal or staphylcoccal infection in an extremity
Describe the appearance of the skin in Lymphangitis?Fine red streaks in the infected area; groin or axilla
Which drugs are prescribed to a patient with Lymphangitis?Antimicrobial and antiinflammatory
Multiple Myeloma commonly occurs in ages:Older than 40, with peak incidence around 65
Multiple Myeloma can go undetected, with the patient experiencing:Frequent recurrent bacterial infections
An older patient complaining of back pain and has an elevated level of total serum protein should be evaluated for what?Multiple Myeloma
Which disorder is characterized by the accumulation of lymph in soft tissue and edema?Lymphedema
What is a malignant neoplastic disease of the bone marrow?Multiple Myeloma
Which disease is a result of the overstimulation of clotting and anticlotting in response to disease or injury?Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
One of the more common causes of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is:Abruptio planentae (premature separation of placenta from the uterus)
Define von Willenbrand's DiseaseInherited bleeding disorder characterized by abnormally slow coagulation of blood and spontaneous episodes of GI bleeding, epistaxis, gingival bleeding
Which protein is critical for platelet adhesion?von Willenbrand factor (vWF)
Which blood clotting factor is missing in hemophilia A?VIII
Which blood clotting factor is missing in hemophilia B?IX
Hemophilia B is also known as:Christmas Disease
What is hemophilia?A hereditary coagulation disorder characterized by the absence of certain blood clotting factors
What is hemarthrosis?Bleeding into a joint space
What is the abnormal lab value in hemophilia?Prolonged partial thromboplastin time
In thrombocytopenia, platelets are reduced to fewer than:150,000/mm3
What is the most common type of thrombocytopenia?Thrombocytopenic purpura; can be drug-induced or immune-mediated
What is a potentially fatal condition of blood characterized by a severe reduction in the number of granulocytes?Agranulocytosis
What is the PRIMARY cause of agranulocytosis?Adverse medication reaction or toxicity
What is the normal neutrophil value?3,000-7,000/mm3
What is hyerplasia?Overgrowth
Polycythemia vera is commonly diagnosed at which age?Average age of 60
Hypoxemia stimulates the production of:Erythropoietin in the kidneys, which in turn stimulates erythrocyte production in bone marrow
Polycythemia vera increases the risk of blood clots in:The deep veins of the arms, legs, lungs, heart, and brain
How is blood viscosity decreased?Phlebotomy; the removal of 500-2000mL of blood until HCT level is maintained at 45%-48%
How might secondary polycythemia be prevented?By maintaining adequate oxygenation
How often may phlebotomy be needed in a patient with polycythemia?Every 2-3 months; removing 500mL at a time
What is the most common genetic disorder in the United States?Sickle Cell Anemia
What is a sickle cell?An abnormal, crescent-shaped RBC containing Hgb S (defective Hgb molecule)
An acute sickling of RBC's which causes occlusion and ischemia is called a:Sickle cell crisis
Who does sickle cell anemia predominately affect?African or Eastern Mediterranean heritage
How many black/African American babies are born with the sickle cell trait?1 in every 13
What is iron deficiency anemia?A condition in which RBC contain less Hgb than normal
What can occur when the body's demand for iron exceeds its absorption?Iron deficiency anemia
How much iron ingested is absorbed in the duodenum?1mg of every 10 to 20 mg (5%-10%)
What occurs when the bone marrow does not produce enough RBC's for the body to function properly?Aplastic anemia
How many people does aplastic anemia affect?4 of every 1 million people
What will a CBC look like in a person with aplastic anemia?All values will be low
Why should blood transfusions be avoided in a person with aplastic anemia?To prevent iron overloading and the development of antibodies to tissue antigens
What results from the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12?Pernicious anemia
What is needed to absorb vitamin B12 in the small intestine?Intrinsic factor
What is the appearance of the tongue in a person with pernicious anemia?Smooth, thick, red
Without vitamin B12 replacement, the patient with pernicious anemia can die within:1 to 3 years
What is the average adult's blood volume?5 to 6 L
What does an RBC (erythrocyte) look like?a biconcave disk with no nucleus