Buscar
Estás en modo de exploración. debe iniciar sesión para usar MEMORY

   Inicia sesión para empezar

level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
*What* were doctors able to base their *explanations* of the *cause* of disease on by *1900*?By *1900* they relied only on *accurate scientific causes*. They *no longer* referred to the *Four Humours*, *miasmata* or *supernatural* causes
What scientists know about *genetics* by 1900?By *1900* scientists were aware that *genes* came in *pairs*, and that one was *inherited* from each *parent*, and by *1951* they knew that characteristics were passed down from *parents* to *children*
Why was the study of *DNA limited* in the *first half *of the *20th century*?Until 1951 *microscopes* were not *powerful* enough to see *DNA*
What *breakthrough* was made in *1951* which helped scientists to get a *better understanding* of *DNA*?In *1951* an *X-Ray photograph* was taken which showed an *image* of what *DNA* looked like
What did *Crick and Watson* discover in *1953*?Two Cambridge scientists, *Crick and Watson*, used the *X Ray photograph* of DNA to discover the *double helix* structure of DNA
Why was the discovery of the *double helix* structure *important*?This discovery now made it possible to start to *identify* the *parts of DNA* that caused *hereditary diseases*
What was the *human genome project*?In *1990* a project was launched to *'map'* the entire *human genome*. This would provide a *full map* of *all human DNA*
*Why* was it *important* to have a *genome map*?This made it possible for scientists to look for *mistakes* or *mismatches* in the *DNA* of people suffering from *hereditary diseases*, such as *breast cancer*.
How was the *genome map* of *practical* benefit to *patients*?This makes it possible for some women to *prevent* the disease by having a *mastectomy* if they know they have the *breast cancer gene*. However, the disease *cannot* yet be *cured*.
Which *lifestyle factors* were Doctors much *more aware of* by *1950*?By the *1950s* Doctors were much more aware of the *impact* of factors such as *smoking, diet* and *exercise* as *causes* of illness
How did awareness of *smoking* as a *cause* of illness *grow* throughout the *20th century*?*Smoking* was very common by the *1920s*, but from the *1950s* Doctors had seen a huge rise in *lung cancer *cases which they could link to *smoking.*
What did further *research* go on to prove about smoking?Further research showed that *smoking* also led to other *cancers, heart disease* and *tooth decay*. Even *second-hand smoke* was shown to be a *huge problem*
How did awareness of *diet* as a *cause* of illness *grow* throughout the *20th century*?For centuries people had been aware of the need for a *balanced diet*, but in the *20th century* Doctors became particularly concerned about *sugar* and *fat* as the cause of widespread diseases such as *diabetes*.
Why did *diet* become a *more serious* problem in the *second half* of the *20th century*?The *increased* availability of *cheap mass-produced fast food* caused a growing *obesity* crisis
Name two other *lifestyle habit*s which have had a *negative impact* on the health of the population in the *20th century**Alcohol* and *drug use* have also been identified as a major cause of illnesses such as *cancer*
Why was the *government* more prepared to take an *active* role in *preventing* illness by the *start of the 20th century*?By the *start* of the 20th century the *causes* of disease were much better *understood*, so the *government* was more prepared to *take responsibility* for prevention
How has the *government* used *laws* to improve the *health of the people* and *prevent* illness?They have passed *laws* to improve *air quality* and in some areas *fluoride* has been added to the water to prevent *tooth decay*
How has the *government* used *publicity* to improve *public health* and* prevent illness*?The government pays for *advertising campaigns* against *smoking, binge drinking* and *recreational drug use*, and they encourage people to *eat* more *healthily*
How did the government try to deal with the increasing rate of *lung cancer* in the *1960s*?From the *1960s* the government started to use *campaigns* to discourage *smoking* by making people aware of the *dangers*, and *television advertising* for cigarettes was *banned* in *1965*
What steps have been taken *more recently* to tackle the problem of *lung cancer*?In *2007* smoking was *banned* in the *workplace*, and in *cars carrying children* in 2015. In the same year the *legal age* for buying tobacco was *raised* from 16 to 18
What *steps* have been taken in the 20th century to *prevent* the spread of *infectious diseases*?The *NHS* provides *vaccinations* against the most common diseases to *all school children*, but their parents have to give their *consent*
Which diseases are children *vaccinated* against?The government started to vaccinate against *diptheria* in 1942, and against *Polio* from the mid-1950s
How *successful* have the attempts been to use vaccination against *diptheria*?By *1950* diptheria had almost been *wiped out* in Britain
How *successful* have the attempts been to use vaccination against *Polio*?There have been *no new cases of Polio* in Britain since *1984*
How *successful* have the attempts been to use vaccination against *German Measles*?*All* school children have access to a *vaccine* against *German measles*, though *some* parents believe that this is *dangerous*, so they choose *not* to have their children *vaccinated*.
Huge *progress* was made in medicine in the *19th century*, but which area had *not* improved by *1900*?Although doctors understood the *cause* of illnesses much better by *1900*, they had not been able to develop any new *treatments*
How much *progress* was made in the treatment of infectious diseases in the *20th century*?In 1900 *25%* of deaths were caused by *infectious diseases*, but in *1990* that had fallen to *1%*
Who was *Paul Ehrlich*?*Paul Ehrlich* was a German physician and scientist. He is famous for discovering a medical treatment called *Magic Bullets*
What are *magic bullets*?*Magic bullets* are drugs which are designed to *target* and kill *one* specific type of *infection* within the body
What was the name of the *first* magic bullet?The *first* magic bullet was called *Salvarsen 606*
*How* did Ehrlich *discover* magic bullets?By *trial and error* - he tested *600 arsenic compounds* to try to find a cure for *Syphilis*. He failed, but in *1909* a Japanese scientist, *Hata*, *retested* them and found that compound *606* did cure *syphilis*.
Who was *Gerhard Domagk*?*Gerard Domagk* discovered the *next* magic bullet - this was a red dye called *Prontosil*
How did Domagk *prove* that Prontosil was *effective*?He discovered that *Prontosil* killed bacterial infections in *mice*. He successfully used this to treat his own *daughter* for *blood poisoning**. *Other magic bullets* were discovered through the *1930s*.
Who was *Alexander Fleming*?*Alexander Fleming* was a British *Doctor* and *medical researcher*
*What* is Alexander Fleming *famous* for?*Alexander Fleming* is famous for discovering *Penicillin* - this was the first *antibiotic*
*How* did Fleming *discover Penicillin*?In *1920* Alexander Fleming isolated a substance called penicillin from a *mould sample* in his lab which appeared to *kill* a wide range of *bacteria* - he had noticed that bacteria would not *grow* near the *mould*
Why was the *impact* of Fleming's discovery *limited* at *first*?Although Fleming could see the *potential* in his discovery, he did not *develop* the idea to make a medical *treatment*?
Who *developed Penicillin* into an effective medical *treatment*?*Florey and Chain* developed Penicillin into an effective medical treatment - They were two *medical researchers* who worked together at *Oxford University*
*How* did Florey and Chain only have *limited success* when they *first* used penicillin as a treatment in *1940*?They *grew* enough penicillin to treat a *policeman* who had *blood poisoning*. He showed promising *signs of recovery*, but then *died* because the supply of penicillin *ran out*
*Why* did Florey and Chain *run out* of penicillin?It was *difficult* and very *expensive* to produce *large amounts* of penicillin
*Why* was penicillin *later* developed into a drug which was effective on a *huge scale*?In *1941* the *USA* joined *World War II*, and the US *government* paid for methods to be developed to *mass produce* penicillin
*Why* was the *US government* prepared to spend the *money* to develop Penicillin during *wartime*?Because they knew that *infected wounds* killed thousands of soldiers. If these soldiers could be successfully *treated* they would be able to *rejoin the fight*. This would give them an *advantage* over the enemy
*How successful* was the use of penicillin during *World War II*?By the *end of World War II* it was possible to treat *all* allied casualties with *penicillin*, and this had a huge impact on *survival rates*, mainly because soldiers were no longer *dying* from *infected wounds*
How did antibiotics develop *after World War II*?The success of *penicillin* encouraged scientists to look for other *moulds* which would treat other *infections*, and many were found, such as the one to treat *tuberculosis*
Why are *antibiotics* becoming *less effective* in the *present day*?In the *21st century* scientists are desperately searching for *new antibiotics* because some *bacteria* are becoming *resistant* to the *antibiotics* that we already have.
Why has *lung cancer* become a major focus for *treatment* in the *20th century*?In the *19th century* there had been very *few* cases of lung cancer, but the huge increase in *smoking* in the *early 20th century* led to *26,000* deaths in 1973
*How* is lung cancer *treated*?*Radiation (radiotherapy)* and *chemotherapy (drug therapy)* are used to *shrink tumours* to the point where they can hopefully be removed through *surgery*
What is the most *extreme* treatment for *lung cancer*?In the *worst cases* it may be necessary to *transplant* a healthy lung to *replace* the diseased one
Which event in *1948* transformed medical *treatments*In *1948* the *National Health Service (NHS)* was set up. This gave patients access to *free* medical care *of all kinds*
Who is a *GP*?*GP* stands for *General Practitioner* - this is the official name for the *family doctor*
What was the *standard* of GPs like in *1950*?In *1950* the standard of GPs was *very low*
Why did the start of the *NHS* have a *negative* impact on the quality of the work done by GPs *at first*?*At first* the NHS made the performance of Doctors *worse* because they now had to see *far more patients* because their service was *free*
Why did the standard of Doctors *improve* after *1960*?From the *1960s* the *government* took action to make sure that GPS were *better trained* and were required to keep *up to date* with new medical *developments*
How good was the standard of *hospital care* in England in *1948*?In 1948 *hospital care* was *unreliable* - Many hospitals dated from the *19th century*, and there were far too few *outside London*
*Why* did the standard of hospitals *improve* after *1960*?In the *1960s* the *government* started to *manage* as well as fund the NHS, and this led to hospitals being better *distributed* around the *country*
*How* did hospitals *improve* after *1960*?Hospitals now have *well trained doctors* and *nurses*, with *consultants* who *specialise* in a single area of medicine
How has *modern technology* improved *hospitals*?They have access to *high-tech equipment* such as *advanced x-rays*, and *imaging scanners*. *Computers* and even *robots* can be used to carry out more accurate *operations*.
What *problems* remain in the *treatment* of illness even *today*?Although there have been impressive *advances* in the *treatment* of illness, many problems remain - *microbes* continued to *evolve*, and this has led to *drug-resistant* bacteria such as *MRSA*
How do *some* people respond to these *problems* with modern medicine?Many people continue to use *alternative remedies*, such as *herbal medicines** and acupuncture*. Some of the herbal remedies are the same ones used in the *Medieval period*.
Which *individuals* have contributed to the development of medicine *since 1900**Ehrlich:* Magic *Bullets* *Fleming:* Discovering *Penicillin* *Florey and Chain:* Developing *Penicillin* into a *treatment*
How did *improved communications* help the development of medicine, especially since the *second half of the 20th century*The development of *telephones*, affordable *air travel* and the *internet* have made it easy for scientists to *work together* even if they live on opposite sides of the *world*
How has the rapid development of *technology* helped medicine to progress *since 1900*?The *electron microscope* was first developed in *1931*. These can now magnify up to *10 million times*. These were essential in helping scientists to see and understand *DNA*
How has *technology* made it easier for Doctors to understand the *internal anatomy* and workings of the *human body*?*X-rays* developed and by the late 20th century *CT scanners* could be used to image the inside of the body in *detail* and diagnose diseases like cancer with *great accuracy*
How has *technology* helped to make the *medicines* that we take *more effective*?*Technology* has made it possible to *mass produce pills*, and *capsules* now *dissolve* in the stomach so that drugs can be *absorbed* more easily
How did the *government* have a more *positive* influence on medicine and health *after 1900*?By *1900* governments were already more willing to *take responsibility* for the health of the population, but from *1948* this role increased massively when the *NHS* was set up. This is paid for and managed by the *government*
How did *war* have a *positive impact* on the development of medicine *after 1900*?*Penicillin* had been discovered in *1920*, but it was not until *World War II* that the American and British *governments* were prepared to pay the huge amounts of *money* that were needed to produce *enough* penicillin to *treat* large numbers of people