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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
Britain gained Hong Kong- centre of Opium tradeOpium wars- Nanking and Bogue treaties
Industrialised Opium from East to West1800 East India Company
Britain won first- between British Empire, China and East India Company1839-1842 and 1856-1860 wars
British Empire dominates global trade in Asia- richest nationsindian opium trade
East India CompanyWho dictated opium trade with China
Pharmaceutical industry- global corporationsWhat is the Big Pharma
Most wicked things for the greater goodCapitalism definition
Reliant on skills of individual & local apothecaries importation of varying drugs from east- changed capitalism market 18th century- rise of chemists 1747 Thomas Corbyn- globalisation of drug tradePorter & Porter 1989- historical connections
Misrepresenting research Off-label promotion Kickbacks-bribery Monopolising practices- price fixingWhat are the 4 areas of proven criminality
Began 1970's- reduce illegal drugs- implications every country lasted 50 years 2009- UN launched 10 year global strategyWhat was the war on drugs
FAILURE- no reduction in manufacturing, increase in use of drugs and cultivationWas the war on drugs successful
Nixon responding to growing heroin addiction in US Implemented policies- Harrison Narcotics Tax Act 1914 UN- single convention of Narcotic Drugs 1961- target production League of Nations- Convention for limiting manufactureGenesis of war
War began before 1961 Federal Bureau of Narcotics 1930- enforce Harrison act- replaced with DEA 1973 controls public opinion- moral panicsKey facts of PEMBLETON 2015
1. International- sanctions 2. Domestic- policingNixons- 2 war fronts
Covert operations Asset seizure Interdiction- interventions Incentivised agricultureModes of engagement (4)
Enemies- left and black people Lied about drugs to disrupt communitiesTruth of Nixon
Increased drug use Every country involved Deployment of technologies- targeted briberyConsequences of war on drugs
1. Counter Narcotic funding from US/UK- harsher drug policies 2. Aiding with prosecutionsWhat were the two influences of the war on drugs
Increased death penalty Militarised responses to drug traffickingWar on drugs- legacy
1. Open access- free trade 2. Closed access- known peopleWhat are the 2 forms of illicit drug markets
Major trafficking routes- cocaine Growing areas- opiumWhat is the production to supply
Disrupt production, destroy crops, interrupt trafficking, removing chemicals neededWhat is the aim of the supply reduction
Countries politics, poverty & corruption- prevent cooperation More complex- open bordersWhat are the problems of supply reduction
Business- pyramidal/focused Cellular- loose but organised/ flexible Decentralised mutual interest- competitors/ transactional supportMarketplace structure
Upper- complex/flexible = organised crime Middle- cottage industry = importation & retail supply Lower- street level = different modelsMarket and supply structure
Importers, wholesalers, middle market, retail dealersPearson and Hobbs 2001
Drugs- purchase is straightforward and secureWhat is Silk road
UN office on drugs and crime 2014 world drug report first mentioned Dark Net drugs marketCrypto-markets
Reduce the risk of detection- postal delivery, crypto- currencies and advertising wares on dark webWhat do vendors do
Prevent the non-medical use of certain drugs Offences include- unlawful supply, intent to supply, import or export of unlawful productionWhat is the Misuse Drugs Act 1971
Misuse of Drugs Act prohibits unlawful possessionWhat is the main difference between Medicines Act and the Misuse of Drugs Act
Class A- most dangerous e.g. crack Class B- codeine Class C- anabolic steroidsWhat are the three classes of drugs by the Misuse of Drugs Act
Some drugs are covered by other legislation, not covered or treated in an exceptional wayWhy is the laws of drugs complicated
If a new psychoactive substance is causing concern- 12 months under control After 12 months- parliamentary review- either expire or under permanent control of the Misuse drugs act 1971What is the Temporary class drug orders
14 years imprisonment and unlimited fine on indictmentMaximum penalties under the temporary class drugs
Cannot sell alcohol to anyone under 18 16 year old can consume wine or beer in a pub if having a meal with an adult Laws restricting drinking of alcohol on the streets at any ageLaws about alcohol
Sold in joke shops, pubs Medicines Control Agency- poppers seem as medicine They are not controlled under Psychoactive Substances Act 2016Laws on poppers
Not illegal to posses use or buy Offence to sell them under 18 if known to be used intoxicating purposes Illegal to sell lighter fuel to under 18sLaws on solvents
Controlled as a Class C Possession offence is waived- UK police have successfully prosecuted some people for possession Always a offence to sell or supply steroids to another personLaws on anabolic steroids
Controlled as Class C Possession offence is waived Offence to sell or supplyLaws on minor tranquillisers
June 2014- Ketamine changed from Class C to B due to concerns of damage to the bladderOne event in history of changes in drug classification
Controlled- not authorised for medical use Only supplied for exceptional circumstances E.g. LSDSchedule 1
Available for medical use and prescribed by doctors Illegal for possession without having a prescription Strict record and storage in pharmacies E.g. HeroinSchedule 2 & 3
2 parts: 1. Minor tranquillisers- illegal for possession without a prescription 2. Anabolic steroids- legally possessed in medicinal form without prescription but illegal to supplySchedule 4
Pose minimal risk of abuse- allowed to be sold over the counter and possessed by anyone with impunity Once brought- cannot be legally supplied to another personSchedule 5
Manufacture and supply of medicine- enforcement rarely affects public Prescription only medicines are the most restricted Pharmacy medicines can be sold without prescription only by pharmacist General sales list- sold by any shop (restrictions)What is the Medicines Act 1968
Penalises unauthorised import or export of controlled drugs Maximum penalties are the same for other trafficking offencesCustoms and excise management act 1979
Offence- drive through drink or drugs 2015- sets blood concentration limitsRoad traffic act 1972
Offence to sell preparation or administration of controlled drugs e.g. cocaine snorting kits Seizure of assests and income of someone who is found guiltyDrug trafficking 1994
Enforceable drug treatment and testing orders for people convicted of crimes to maintain drug use Prohibitions on supplyCrime and disorder act 1998
Libertarian- right to decide Empiricist - prohibition policy doesn't work Pragmatist- 10% imports are detected Reductionist- prohibition increases criminality Social justice- legislation argues lower death rates Economic - money from CJS treatmentWhat are the various arguments for legislation
Rate of consumptionMeaning of prevalence
Attitudes towards the consumption of substances and usersMeaning on normalisation
Socially constructed - labelled as problematic childhood- innocent, naivety and vulnerable youth- problematic, deviant and risky maturity gap- gap between physical maturation and social maturity status= few activities leads to illegitimate activitiesWhat is the construction of youth
Highlights illicit drugs consumption has grown in importance within cultures Cultural and sub-cultural practice is a condition to understand drug consumption - attitudes towards drugs and users change - extant social behaviours become stigmatized - derived from consumption trendsNormalisation thesis
1. namely drug available 2. drug trying 3. drug use 4. drug wise 5. future intentions 6. cultural accommodationWhat are the 6 factors which distinguishes a drug from being problematic
deviant and non-agentiveWhat is the youth paradox
(emulation theory & peer pressure)Substance consuming behaviours have external locus of control
deviance nor hedonismWhat are NOT motives for substance consumption in youth practices
1. function 2. context 3. utility3 things to understand social practice
- security - identity - expression - in group cohesionDrug use understood as offering
Mechanism of cultural performanceWhat is normalisation
Symbolic exchange valueWhat is cultural capital
Drug imagery as having cultural capital - major income - 'edge' life - utilizes drug symbolism - legitimation of desirability of drugsNormalisation by UN and governments has resulted in...
Use and exchange of recreational drugs in informal settingsWhat are micro-sites
Social/ interpersonal networks- 'gift-giving', safety, deviance rejectionWhere does supply/consumption occur
Non-problematic/ abusive substance consumption only occurs contextually Problem- is it deviant or cover everythingWhat is recreational drugs
Behaviours that diverge from accepted standards- criticism in cultural or social contextAre recreational drugs deviant
Eating and drinking- cements social roles, norms Trade- legal Substances- alcoholSociality and commensality
Conditions (cancer) cause pain- people self medicate Trade- illicit (sharing medication) Substances- narcotic analgesicPain management
Management of physical body (dysmorphic) Trade- illicit/ over the counter Substances- laxatives, steroids, testosterone blockersSomatic control
3 forms- social, sex, sport relation to competition, sexual, anxiety Trade- informal/ illicit/ over the counter Substances- viagra, steroids, cocainePerformance enhancement
Rationalised & ritualised consumption in pursuit of non-hedonistic states- relate to religious performance and public health Trade- legal/ illicit Substances- LSD, mushroomsDisciplined pleasures
Denial of earthly pleasures- facilitating vituous behaviours Trade- legal Substances- caffeine, sugarAscetic pleasures
Physical and psychological pleasures- hedonistic (dance cultures) Trade- illicit/ interpersonal/ gift-giving in social networks Substances- MDMA, ket, cocaineEcstatic pleasures
Maximising physical experiences of sex and orgasm- increasing 'chemsex' Trade- illicit/ interpersonal Substances- GHB, methamphetamineCarnal pleasures
- Evidence ignored - Scientific consensus rejected - Muddled, unfocused and ill-conceivedWhy is the Psychoactive substance act problematic
Spice/ Mamba and other NPS substances were becoming a major problem in prisonsWhat led to the Psychoactive substance act
- Misuse of these comparable to traditional substances - Mass commercialisation of such substances to diversified marketsSubstances were not new in the Psychoactive substance act- but what was new
- Designer drugs - Short lived and highly dangerous - Boom in heroin trade (1990s rave scene)History of the 1980s drugs
- Demand increase - Cost effective- cheaper to produce - Established markets for 4 types- stimulants, sedatives, hallucinogens, cannabinoidsHistory of 2000s drugs
- Capable of producing a psychoactive effect in a person- stimulating or depressing - Not an exempted substance - Enters the body in any wayHow does section 2 in the Psychoactive substances act define what one is
- Add any description of substance - Remove description Must be consulted by Advisory Council and Secretary of StateSection 3 in the Psychoactive substances act outlines exempted substances which was amended to...
- Intentionally produces the substance - Intends to consume for the effects or knows its recklessUnder the Psychoactive substances act, a person commits an offence if...
- Person intentionally supplies to another person - Person knows it is reckless - Offers to supply to another personUnder section 5 of the Psychoactive substance act- supplying or offering to supply means a person commits an offence if...
- Fine- only for sections 1-8 - Summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 monthsWhat is the penalty if a person commits an offence under section 1-9 in the Psychoactive substances act- includes possession, importing or exporting the substance
- Carry if the circumstances for carrying is an exempted activityUnder the psychoactive substances act what are the exceptions to offences
-Stop and search - Enter premises - Production of documents - SeizureBetween 12-47 sections in the Psychoactive substances act, name some things which might be found
- Substance has a significant effect on mental processes, or depresses the central nervous system - So broad to include any substance that alters mental state- include heroin to scented candles - Problems for prosecutionsWhat is the simplistic focus on psychoactivity
2 substances may have homologous structures- 1 has a psychoactive function and the other may notWhat is a pharmacological issue for psychoactive substances
1. Theresa May- not want long debates about which substances are harmful 2. Some substances with psychoactive effects doesn't not make it harmfulWhy does the Psychoactive substance act not follow the convention of harm
- Wide range of unspecified substances - No list of exempted substances - Does not criminalise possession of a psychoactive substance Created a displacement effectWhat are legal issues in the psychoactive substance act 2016
People with problematic substance misusing conditions often 'fall off the wagon'What is chronic relapsing condition
Self-referral- often no formal penalties Aim= controlling use and to help reduce offending Can be done in residential, community or custodial settingTreatment for drugs
Coercive treatment- referral by CJS Residential, community, custodial Aim= reducing drug use Court orders and other processes where 'offenders' might receive treatment Penalty laden- sanctions and censure for non-completionIntervention for drugs
Understanding their lives have become unmanageable Deciding to turn their lives around Admit wrongdoings- try to make amends Prayer and meditationWhat is the 12 step paradigm
Don't know how effective it is Chronic relapsing condition- if someone relapses after 4 years does it mean its successful Clinical claims success 5-10% Higher power- poses problems for self-determination Substance misuse relate to childhood abuse- poses therapeutic problemsWhat are the problems with the 12 step paradigm
-CBT- changed negative thoughts and behaviours -Functional analysis -Recognise situations involving other people- could lead to relapse -Cope more effectively with their reactions -Skills training -Avoid negative feelings- address situations more positiveWhat are systems of change
1. Reluctant- do not want to consider change- not fully conscious of thier behaviour, careful listening can be helpful 2. Rebellious- knowledge about the problem, don't like to be told what to do, could be result of insecurity, appear hostile 3. Resigned- overwhelmed by the problem, feel out of control- see the habit as controlling them 4. Rationalizing- appears to have all the answers, not consider change as feel like behaviour is result of others, identify rationalizing client in a session Problems= offender is still offending, using drugs, misusing alcoholChange cycle Pre-contemplation (start)- what are the resistance 4 R's
Residential- intensive 8-12 week programme, undertake varying treatment programme Community- undertake and attend at probation services- CBT based Custodial- prison, successful completion a determinate of sentenceWhat are interventions within the residential, community and custodial settings
Aims= reduce alcohol related violent offending Designed for hazardous drinkers in custody for alcohol related violence Medium intensity cognitive behavioural group-challenges way individuals thinkWhat is alcohol related violence programme (ARV)
-Psychosocial - in group or one to one sessions -Aims= reduce offending behaviour & problematic substance misuse with goal of recovery -Achieved= exploration of previous/current substance use and skill set to prevent relapse into former patternsBuilding skills for recovery (BSR)
-Programmes aimed at reducing violence and anger in impulsive drinkers -Group work or one to one in secure or community settings -Aim= reducing re-offending mainly in young men with repeated history of violence whilst intoxicatedCovaid programmes (control of violence and anger in impulsive drinkers)
Prison based Cognitive behavioural treatment programme Assist prisoners to address factors relating to substance misuse that links to their offending behaviourFocus substance misuse programme
Community based- providing motivation for behaviour change through awareness Assist relapse preventionLow intensity alcohol programme (LIAP)
Based on 'total immersion' model Take responsibility for self and mutual help in making lifestyle modifications- 3 phase treatment model designed to mirror wider community livingPrison partnership therapeutic community programme (PPTCP)
-Prison based -High intensity intervention -Aims= highlight loss of control over substance use, offending and other dysfunctional areas- get a commitment to change -Pro-social modelsPrison partnership 12 step programme (PPTSP)
-Drug and alcohol interventions -Aim= highlight loss of control over substance use, offending- commitment to change -Follows 12 step NA fellowship programmeRehabilitation of addicted prisoners trust (RAPT)
-Drug & alcohol cognitive behavioural intervention- assist offenders address related offending & reduce substance misuse - Substance misusers with a medium/high risk of re-offending -Aim= teach skills required to reduce substance misuse- help relapse prevention & shows substance misuse as an important factor -Programme has 20 sessionsAddressing substance related offending (ASRO)
-Drug intervention in prison -Though processes & socio-economic situations contribute -Full assessment, programme material, individual key work sessions and post programme review to evaluate progress/ identify supportPrison-addressing substance related offending (P-ASRO)
-Challenges attitudes, behaviour aiming to reduce drink driving -Self-monitoring- increase the knowledge of effects to promote safer driving -Aims to raise awareness and effects on victims and offender -Targeted offenders who committed drink-drive related offence & no more than 4 convictions -14 group-based sessions over 14 weeksDrink impaired drivers programme (DID)
-Drug and alcohol misuse- using cognitive methods to change attitudes, behaviour to prevent relapse and reduce offending -Modular groupwork- teaches medium to high risk offenders skills to stop substance misuse -Aims to reduce crime -26 sessions over 12 to 24 weeksSubstance abuse programme (OSAP)- groupwork
Aims= teach offenders to stop substance misuse & reduce crime -One to one environment- problem solving process -Set goals for self-change & provide learning opportunitites for skills -Evaluates outcomes of the intervention with integrated post-tests and other measures -Programmed tailored to individual needs- enhance motivation -10-20 sessionsProgramme for reducing individual substance misuse (PRISM)
Technical analysis of a biological specimen- determine the presence or absenceWhat is drug testing
-Urine -Hair -Blood -Breath -Oral fluidWhat are the 5 core methods of drug testing
1. on the spot 2. laboratory testing- 2 steps= -screen testing & tests concentration of compounds by using antibodies -confirmation testWhat are the 2 ways drug testing can occur
-Test on arrest- 33% positive -Attend assessments with qualifies drug worker -Bail conditionsWhat is drug testing in arrests
-Drug Abstinence Requirement- condition of community sentence -Drug Abstinence Order- specified target group where alternative community sentence is not appropriate -Drug treatment and testing order -Drug rehabilitation requirementDrug testing in courts
Powers= section 16A of prison act 1952 enables prisoners to be tested for controlled drugs as defined by misuse of drugs act 1971Drug treatment in prisons
Tests for drugs 'misused' by individual Sample urine sent to labs Outcome=adjudication=referralWhat are MDTs
-Supply information on patterns of drug misuse -Deterrence -Identify those in need -Contribute to drug supply reductionWhat are the purposes of MDT
Institutional= randomised testing, targeting of non-users Personal= using drugs that are difficult to test for, detox products, managing to avoid detectionCheating in drug tests
-Introduced in 1997- deepen control mechanisms in prisons -Targeting known drug users- high % positive test results -Impact on KPI/Ts- prisons could not test in a way with most efficacy -Changed drug using behaviours -Increase in people leaving prison with drug dependencyWhat are the unintended consequences of MDT
Breathalyzer- alcoholHow are BAC tests administered
Drug testing in sports, workplace and CJSWhat are urinalysis used for