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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
Axial skeletonThe axial skeleton consists of the bones of the cranium (i.e. skull and mandible), the vertebrae, ribs and sternum
Intramembranous ossificationInvolves the differentiation of mesoderm directly into bones.This is most common in flat bones like those of the skull.
OssificationForm into bone
Endochondral ossification-Involves formation of a hyaline cartilage model of the bone being formed, which is gradually replaced by bony tissue during development. -Most common in long bones of the limbs -Also occurs in some regions of the skull
OsteoblastsThe mesenchymal stem cell that form an osteoprogenitor cell differentiate to an osteoblast that form the cellular component of bone and produce the bone matrix. Osteoblast mature to form osteocytes.
Primary ossification centerThis is the area during the process of intramembranous ossification where central mesenchymal cells cluster and differentiate directly into bone
OsteocyteThe mature bone-forming cell, which are the cellular component of bone and produce bone matrix.
TrabeculaeIs spongy-woven bone formed when osteoid accumulates b/n embryonic blood vessels. It later serves to resist strain on the bone in many different directions.
Periosteumthe outermost layer of the bone that is formed when mesenchyme condenses on the edges of the trabeculae during intramembranous ossification
Ossification centerThe area in a tissue where ossification begins
Neurocranium-Consists of the domed part of the skull surrounding the brain itself. -The neurocranium can further be divided into two developmental units – the membranous portion which consist of the flat bones (frontal, parietal, squamous occipital, squamous temporal), and a cartilaginous part called the chondrocranium which forms the base of the skull (region of the foramen magnum and occipital condyles).
ViscerocraniumConsists of bones of the face
Pharyngeal archesclusters of mesoderm that form in the neck region of the developing embryo
Vertebral archFormed by the pedicles, transverse and spinous processes and the laminae
Lamellar boneMultilayered bone that replaces trabeculae when they thicken
Compact boneLayer of bone b/n the outer periosteal and inner trabeculae portions of the bone
DiploeOf flat bones, is the trabeculae on the inside of the bones that remains the same
ChondrocyteCartilage cells that produce and maintain cartilage matrix
DiaphysisShaft of a long bone
EpiphysisEnd part of a long bone initially growing separately from the shaft
ChondrocraniumPart of the neurocranium comprising of the foramen magnum and occipital condyles
KyphosisCurvature that causes the SC to bend forward, and is found in the thoracic and sacral regions
LordosisCurvatures in the cervical and lumbar regions that cause the SC to bend backwards