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Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
________ introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection in 1859.Charles Darwin
According to evolutionary developmental psychologists, many evolved psychological mechanisms are ________. That is, the mechanisms apply only to a specific aspect of a person's psychological makeup.Domain-Specific
________, the units of hereditary information, are short segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). They help cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins.RNA
Scientists have found that certain genes become turned on or off as a result of exercise mainly through a process called ________, in which tiny atoms attached themselves to the outside of a gene.Methylation
For each genotype, a range of ________ can be expressed, thus providing a source of variability.Penotypes
Carla has brown hair, and her husband also has brown hair. However, Carla's son is born with blond hair. This most likely indicates that Carla's sonInherited the recessive genes for blonde hair.
Females who have one abnormal copy of a mutated gene on the X chromosome are known ascarriers
Which of the following would be an appropriate course of treatment for a person diagnosed with cystic fibrosis?physical and oxygen therapy, synthetic enzymes, and antibiotics
________ refers to an abnormally small brain of a fetus that can lead to intellectual disability.microencephaly
________ is the interaction of a specific measured variation in the DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment.Gene × environment (G × E) interaction
Which of the following statements is true about brain development?Extensive brain development continues after birth, through infancy and later.
According to the neuroconstructivist view of brain development, ________.biological processes and environmental conditions influence the brain's development
From an evolutionary perspective, which of the following is true of sleep?B) Sleep is essential to clearing out waste in neural tissues.
Who is at the highest risk of SIDS?Chaz who is three months old
Developmentalist Arnold Gesell proposed that motor development comes about throughthe unfolding of a genetic plan.
________ are built-in reactions to stimuli; they govern a newborn's movements, which are automatic and beyond the newborn's control.Reflexes
Jean Piaget's concept of grouping isolated behaviors into a higher-order system is calledOrganization
In the context of cognitive development, which of the following terms refers to the focusing of mental resources on select information?attention
Child-directed speech is theUnique way that parents (and others) talk to babies.
Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus is referred to as ________.Habituation
Briefly explain the cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns of development. Provide an example of each type of pattern.Cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top- the head - with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom. Example : Infants see objects before they can control their, torso and they can use their hands long before they crawl or walk. Proximodistal pattern is a sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities. Example : Infants control the muscles of their trunk and arms before they control their hands and they use their whole hands before they can control several fingers.
The infant's ability to regulate emotions is tied tothe gradual maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex.
Which of the following statements is true of crying?Excessive infant crying in 3-month-olds triples the risk of behavioral, hyperactive, and mood problems at 5 to 6 years of age.
Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles. What do researchers call this smile?Social Smile
Which of the following would Erik Erikson most likely recommend to soothe a crying infant?Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.
Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of ________ versus shame and doubt.autonomy
Which of the following is a good example of scaffolding?a game of peek-a-boo
The United States currently grants up to ________ weeks of ________ leave for caring for a newborn.12, unpaid
The results of the study conducted by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in 1991 indicate thatthe influence of families and parenting is not weakened by extensive use of day care.
Briefly describe the four phases of attachment as identified by John Bowlby.Phase 1: From birth to 2 months. Infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures. Strangers, siblings, and parents are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying from the infant. Phase 2: From 2 to 7 months. Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people. Phase 3: From 7 to 24 months. Specific attachments develop. With increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father. Phase 4: From 24 months on. Children become aware of other people’s feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in directing their own actions.
What are the two most important contributors to height differences among children all over the world?ethnic origin and nutrition
________ is a process by which the nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells.myelination
Which of the following determines the categories for obesity, overweight, and at risk of being overweight?Body-mass index
Which of the following can enhance a child's safety and reduce the likelihood of injury?An absence of playground hazards
Piaget's preoperational stage is so named because he believed that children in this stage of developmentcannot yet perform reversible mental actions.
In Piaget's theory, failing the conservation-of-liquid task demonstratesCentration
Which of the following describes Lev Vygotsky's belief about the development of thought and language?Thought and language initially develop independently of each other and then merge.
In moving from Piaget to Vygotsky, the conceptual shift is one fromthe individual to collaboration
Using rehearsal, we can keep information in short-term memory for a much longer period. In this context, rehearsal meansrepeating information after it has been presented.
________ is a philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities.The Montessori approach
Hans feels ashamed when his parents say, "You should feel bad about biting your sister!" To experience a ________ emotion like shame, Hans must be able to refer to himself as distinct from others.Self-counscious
In the context of expressing emotions, at what age does self-awareness occur?15-18 months of age
According to Freud, the moral element of personality is called theSuperego
Piaget concluded that the changes in moral reasoning in children come about throughthe mutual give-and-take of peer relations.
According to Freud, preschool boys develop a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent in a process called theThe Oedipus complex
A parent who encourages his or her children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions is a(n)Authoritative
In the context of child maltreatment, which of the following would most likely constitute child neglect?allowing chronic truancy
Cultural changes that occur when one culture comes in contact with another are referred to asacculturation
Which theorist stated that the psychological stage of childhood was "initiative versus guilt"?Erikson
Advances in the ________ of the brain are linked to children's ________.prefrontal cortex; improved attention, reasoning, and cognitive control
Interventions with children who have a learning disability often focus on improvingreading ability.
Anne, a 10-year-old girl, has been diagnosed with ADHD. Which of the following scenarios would have most likely caused this disability?Anne's mother smoked cigarettes and consumed alcohol frequently while pregnant.
From the following options, identify the disorder that consists of serious, persistent problems involving relationships, aggression, depression, and fears associated with personal or school matters, as well as other inappropriate socioemotional characteristics. Approximately eight percent of children who have a disability and require an individualized education plan fall into this classification.emotional and behavioral disorders
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act, enacted in 1975, required thatall students with disabilities be given a free, appropriate public education.
Which of the following is a strategy for improving children's memory skills?Embed memory-relevant language when instructing children.
________ involves knowing about knowing.Metacognition
A person's mental age divided by chronological age (CA) and multiplied by 100 would indicate that person'sIntelligence Quotient
Who created the concept of intelligence quotient?William Stern
Organic intellectual disability is caused bya genetic disorder or brain damage.
Tabitha has a learning disability that involves a severe impairment in her ability to read and spell. She most likely has ________.Dyslexia
In terms of self-understanding, children in late childhood are more likely than children in early childhood tocompare themselves with others.
Children with high self-esteem typicallyare prone to both prosocial and antisocial actions.
According to Albert Bandura, which of the following statements is true of self-efficacy?It is a critical factor in whether or not students achieve.
Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, which appears during middle and late childhood, is calledindustry versus inferiority.
Which of the following is a key developmental task as children move toward autonomy?learning to relate to adults outside the family on a regular basis
Dan Olweus's bullying intervention program focuses ondecreasing opportunities and rewards for bullying.
________ is characterized by self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts.Intimacy in friendships
Carol Dweck defines the cognitive view individuals develop for themselves asmindset.
Individuals with a(n) ________ mindset believe their qualities can change and improve through their own effort.Growth
Which theorist proposed the "storm-and-stress" view that adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings?G. Stanley Hall
Which of the following statements is true of pubertal growth spurt?The growth spurt occurs approximately 2 years earlier for girls than for boys.
In the United States, the average age of menarche has ________ since the mid-nineteenth century.declined significantly
Which of the following is an example of a long-acting reversible contraception (LARC)?contraceptive implants
Research has shown that infants born to adolescent mothers are more likely to haveChildhood Illness
In which of the following groups is death through homicide especially common in adolescence?African American Males
According to Jean Piaget, around age 11, the fourth stage of cognitive development, the ________ stage, begins.Formal Operational
The ________ is the part of adolescent egocentrism involving a sense of uniqueness and invincibility.personal fable
Identify the theorist who suggested that adolescent egocentrism is characterized by "the imaginary audience" and the "personal fable."David Elkind
What is the term for an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation?Anorexia Nervosa
An individual's body image encompasses his or herPhysical Identity
Adolescents who do not successfully resolve their identity crisis suffer from what Erikson calls ________.Identity Confusion
According to James Marcia, what determines an individual's identity status?the existence or extent of his or her crisis or commitment
James Marcia defines ________ as a period of identity development during which an individual is exploring alternatives.Crisis
Most adolescents from ethnic minority groups develop a(n) ________ identity.bicultural
According to Harry Stack Sullivan, if adolescents fail to develop close friendships, theyexperience loneliness and a reduced sense of self-worth.
Rites of passageprovide a forceful and discontinuous entry into the adult world.
One study found that low rates of delinquency from 14 to 23 years of age were associated with a(n) ________ parenting style.Authoritative
What term is used to describe a personal investment in identity?Committment
The transition from adolescence to adulthood has been referred to as emerging adulthood, which occurs from approximately ________ years of age.18-25
Which of the following is a positive feature of the transition from high school to college?opportunities to explore different lifestyles and values
Most of us reach our peak physical performancebefore the age of 30, often between the ages of 19 and 26.
Being overweight or obese is linked to increased risk ofHypertension
Which of the following describes extreme binge drinking?Ten or more drinks in a row
Manny has contracted a virus that is destroying his body's immune system. Manny most likely hasAIDS
Condoms are less effective against the spread ofHerpes
According to Jean Piaget, which of the following characterizes the thinking of 7- to 11-year-olds?Concrete Operational thinking
According to Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, ________ refers to a heightened state of pleasure experienced when we are engaged in mental and physical challenges that absorb us.flow
Secure attachment to parents during childhood correlates withsecure attachment to romantic partners in adulthood.
Individuals with an anxious attachment styledemand closeness in relationships and are less trusting and more emotional.
According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is the sixth developmental stage?Intimacy vs. Isolation
Which of the following is another name for romantic love?passionate love
According to Robert J. Sternberg's triangular theory of love, ________ is physical and sexual attraction to another.passion
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, love is characterized by the dimensions ofpassion, commitment, and intimacy.
One of the benefits of a good marriage isIncreased longevity
Identify a true statement about parenting.Most parents learn parenting practices from their own parents.
Which theorist proposed a triarchic theory of love?Robert J. Sternberg
Compared with earlier and later periods, middle age is influenced most by ________ and biological factors.sociocultural
Which of the following is typical of the health condition during early and late middle age?Susceptibility to colds and allergies decreases.
Fluid Intelligence is the ability to:reason abstractly.
________ refers to the ability to quickly and accurately make simple discriminations in visual stimuli.Perceptual speed
Which of the following statements is true of spirituality?Women have consistently shown a stronger interest in religion and spirituality than men have.
Drawing on beliefs, values, and goals to change the meaning of a stressful situation is known asMeaning-making coping
According to Viktor Frankl, the three most distinct human qualities are freedom, responsibility, andSpirituality
Name the theorist who referred to midlife as "the afternoon of life."Carl Jung
Name the term that refers to the type of intelligence that consists of one's ability to reason abstractly.Fluid Intelligence
What is hormone replacement therapy (HRT)? Identify some of the risks associated with it?Hormone replacement therapy declines the level of reproductive hormone production, it is used to decrease symptoms. However, there are risks such as: higher chances of developing breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer disease.
In Erikson's theory, ________ encompasses adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation.Generativity
In Erikson's theory, adults strive for generativity to achieve a sense ofImmortality
Abdiel has three children. According to Erikson, he has achievedBiological Generativity
According to Levinson, which of the following is a major task that needs to be mastered in early adulthood?exploring the possibilities for adult living
What did Levinson's research conclude about women in midlife transition?Levinson reported that his stages, transitions, and the crisis of middle age hold for women as well as men.
Which of the following acts as the focus of stage theories trying to explain midlife?individual variations in adult development
Which of the following is a shortcoming of stage theories of adult development?They do not adequately address universals of adult personality development.
The life-events approach to understanding adult development has been criticized because itplaced too much emphasis on change.
Over which of the following aspects of life do middle-aged adults feel they have the least control?sex life
Amanda got divorced after 15 years of marriage. Ever since, she has been experiencing high levels of stress. To cope with stress, Amanda is most likely totake prescription medication.
Which of the following statements about romantic love is true?Males show lower anxiety about romantic love than females.