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level: Oeprant Conditioning

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Oeprant Conditioning

QuestionAnswer
A stimulus that signals wheter a particular response will lead to a particular outcomeWhat is the discriminative stimulus? (SD)
The process of providing outcomes for a behaviour that increases the probability of that behaviour occurring again in the futureDefine reinforcement
An operant conditioning paradigm in which the animal can operate the experimental apparatus "freely", responding to obtain reinforcement (or avoid punishment) when it choosesDefine the free-operant paradigm
An operant conditioning paradigm in which the experimenter defines the beginning and end pointsDefine trials paradigm
A conditioning chamber in which reinforcement or punishment is delivered automatically whenever an animal makes (or ceases making) a particular response (such as pressing a lever)What is the Skinner Box?
A device that records behavioural responses, the height of the line drawn represents the number of responses that have been made (cumulatively) up to the present timeWhat is a cumulative recorder?
An operant conditioning technique in which successive approximations to a desired response are reinforcedWhat is shaping?
An operant conditioning technique in which organisms are gradually trained to execute complicated sequences of discrete responsesWhat is chaining?
A consequence of behaviour that leads to increased liklihood of that behaviour occurring again in the futureDefine reinforcer
A stimulus, such as food, water, sex or sleep, that has innate biological value to the organism and can function as a reinforcerdefine primary reinforcer
A stimulus (such as money or tokens) that has no intrinsic value but that has been praied with primary reinforcers or that provides access to primary reinforcersDefine secondary reinforcer
An environment (such as a prison or schoolroom) in which tokens function the same way as money does in the outside world.What is token economy?
Situation in which an organism will respond less strongly to a less-preferred reinforcer that is provided in place of an expected preferred reinforcer than it would have if the less-preferred reinforcer had been provided all alongWhat is a negative contrast?
A consequence of behaviour that leads to decreased likelihood of that behaviour occurring again in the futureDefine Punisher
In operant conditioning, the process of providing outcomes for a behaviour that decrease the probability of that behaviour occurring again in the futureWhat is punishment?
More variable behaviourPunishment leads to… ?
CheatingDiscriminative stimuli for punishment can encourage …. ?
The punishmentConcurrent reinforcement can undermine … ?
Punishment is most effective if a strong punisher is used from the outsetInitial intensity matters
A method to decrease frequency of unwanted behaviours by instead reinforcing preferred alternate behavioursDefine differential reinforcement of alternative behaviours (DRA)
A schedule determining how often reinforcement is delivered in an operant conditioning paradigmWhat is a reinforcement schedule?
A type of operant conditioning in which the response causes a einforcer to be 'added' to the environment; over time, the response becomes more frequentDefine positive reinforcement
A type of operant conditioning in which the response causes a punisher to be 'added' to the environment; over time, the response becomes less frequentDefine positive punishment
A type of operant conditioning in which the response causes a punisher to be taken away or 'subtracted from' the environment; over time, the response becomes more frequentDefine negative reinforcement
A type of operant conditioning in which the response causes a reinforcer to be taken away or 'subtracted from the environment; over time, the response becomes less frequentDefine negative punishment
Clean room -> get weekly allowance (reinforcement). Tease little sister -> receive parental scolding (punishment)Positive example:
Take aspirin -> headache goes away (reinforcement). Fight with other children -> time-out from play (punishment)Negative example:
Where every instanse of the response is followed by the consequenceDefine continuous reinforcement schedule
Only some responses are reinforcedDefine partial reinforcement schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule in which a specific number of responses are required before a reinforcer is delivered; for exampled FR5 means that reinforcement arrives after every fifth responseWhat is a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule?
In operant conditioning with a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement, a brief pause following a period of fast responding leading to reinforcementWhat is postreinforcement pause?
In operant conditioning, a reinfocement schedule in which the first response after a fixed amount of time is reinforced; thus, FI 1-m means that reinforcement arrives for the first response made after a one-minute interval since the last reinforcementDefine Fixed-interval (FI) schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule in which a certain number of responses, on average, are required before a reinforcer is delivered; thus, VR5 means that, on average, every fifth response is reinforcedDefine Variable-ratio (VR) schedule
A reinforcement schedule in which the first response after a fixed amount of time, on average, is reinforced; thus, VI 1-m means that the first response after one minute, on average, is reinforcedDefine variable-interval (VI) schedule
A reinforcement schedule in which the organism can make any of several possible responses, each of which may lead to a different outcome reinforced according to a different reinforcement scheduleDefine concurrent reinforcement schedule
The principle that an organism, given a choice between multiple responses, will make a particular response at a rate proportional to how often that response is reinforced relative to the other choicesDefine Matching law of choice behaviour (Hernstein, 1961)
The study of how organisms allocate their time and resources among possible optionsWhat are behavioural economics?
In behavioural economics, the allocation of resources that maximises subjective value or satisfactionWhat is a bliss point?
The theory that the opportunity to perform a highly frequent behaviour can reinfoce a less frequent behaviour; later refined as the response deprivation hypothesisWhat is the Premack principle?
A refinement of the Premack principle stating that the opportunity to perform nay behaviour can be reinforcing if access to that behaviour is restrictedWhat is the response deprivation hypothesis?
Time it took for a cat to escape from a puzzle box. Time declined over trials. Behaviour that leads to a satisfying outcome increases in the futureWhat was Thorndike's experiment?
OperantIf the outcome occurs regardless of response, this is ____ conditioning
ClassicalIf the outcome is contingent on a response, this is ____ conditioning
Instrumental response -> Appetitive stimulus -> response increasesPositive Reinforcement stages
Instrument response (avoidance) -> aversive stimulus stops -> response increases OR instrumental response - No aversive stimulus -> response increasesNegative reinforcement (escape) stages
Instrumental response -> aversive stimulus -> response decreasesPositive punishment stages
Previously rewarded response -> no appetitive stimulus (no reward) -> response decreasesNegative Punishment (extinction) stages
Instrumental response -> appettitve stimulus withdrawn -> Response decreasesNegative punishment (omission) stages
Food, sex, Hull's Drive reduction theory (learning occurs via a biological need to reduce innate drives, I,e hunger)Examples of Primary reinforcers
A stimulus with no intrinsice biological value that has been paired with/provides access to primary reinforcersExamples of conditioned reinforcers
How different are reinforcement and non-reinforcement conditionsWhat is the discrimination hypothesis?
Partial reinforcement: some reward+some frustrationWhat is the frustration hypothesis?
Partial reinforcement: Behaviour + reward associated with previous trial where behaviour + no rewardWhat is the sequential hypothesis?
OC may occur outside of consciousness awareness. However, awareness can facilitate behavioural change in humans.Is there any difference between human operant conditioning and animal operant conditioning and does awareness/consciousness help?
The reinforcement of successive approximations gradually results in desired behavioursShaping =
Learned sequence of behaviourChaining =
Initially neutral stimulus that becomes reinforcing because it has been repeatedly associated with the primary reinforcerConditioned Reinforcer =
Motivational need or desire for a particular reinforcerDrive =
Only present when reinforcement occurs. Acts as a signal for correct context of behaviourDiscriminative Stimulus =
The contingency (relationship) between the timing or frequency of response and reinforcementReinforcement Schedule =