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level: Classical Conditioning

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Classical Conditioning

QuestionAnswer
A decrease in the strength or occurrence of a behaviour after repeated exposure to the stimulus that produces that behaviourDefine Habituation
A defensive response (such as jumping or freezing) to a starting stimulus (such as a loud noise)What is the Acoustic Startle Reflex?
An Orgaism's innate reaction to a novel stimulusWhat is Orienting Response?
A renewal of a response, previously habituated, that occurs when the organism is presented with a novel stimulusDefine Dishabituation
Reappareance (or increase) in strength of a previously habituated response after a short period of no stimulus presentationWhat is Spontaneous Recovery?
A phenomenon in which a salient stimulus ( such as an electric shock) temporarily increases the strength of responses to other stimuliDefine Sensitisation
A change in the skin's electrical conductivity assocaited with emotions such as anxiety, fear or surpriseWhat is the skin conductance response (SCR)?
The theory that habituation and sensitisation are independent of each other but operate in parallelDefine Dual Process Theory
An organism's detection of and response to unfamiliar objects during exploratory behaviourWhat is Novel Object Recognition?
The perception of similarity that occurs when an event is repeatedDefine familiarity
A phenomenon in which prior exposure to a stimulus can improve the ability to recognise that stimulus laterDefine priming
Participants are asked to fill in the blanks in a list of words to produce the first word that comes to mind; in a priming experiment, participants are more likely to produce a particular word if they have been expoised to that word previouslyWhat is the Word-Stem Completion task?
Learning in which experience with a set of stimuli makes it easier to distinguish those stimuliDefine Perceptual Learning
Learning through mere exposure to stimuli, without any explicit prompting and without any outward respondingWhat is Mere Exposure Learning?
FasterWould a weak stimulus provoke a FASTER or SLOWER habituation?
With arousal - if you decrease the arousal level, you also decrease the level of the stimulus, thus habituation occurs fasterHow do you increase sensitisation?
The acquistion of information about one's surroundingsWhat is spatial learning?
A cue that has some biological significance and in the absence of prior training naturally evokes a responseDefine unconditioned stimulus (US)
The naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulusDefine unconditioned response (UR)
A cue that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and comes to elicit a conditioned responseDefine conditioned stimulus (CS)
The trained response to a conditioned stimulus in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus that it predictsDefine conditioned response
Conditioning in which the unconditioned stimulus is a positive event (such as food delivery)What is appetitive conditioning?
Conditioning in which the unconditioned stimulus is a negative event (such as a shock or an airpuff to the eye)What is aversive conditioning?
A classical conditioning procedure in which the unconditioned stimulus is an airpuff to the eye and the conditioned and unconditioned responses are eyeblinksWhat is eyeblink conditioning?
The process of reducing a learned response to a stimulus by ceasing to pair that stimulus with a reward or punishmentDefine extinction
The simultaenous conditioning of two cues, usually presented at the same timeWhat is compound conditioning?
An effect seen in compound conditioning when a more salient cue within a compound acquires more association strength and is thus more strongly conditioned, than does the less salient cueWhat is overshadowing
A two-phase training paradigm in which prior training to one cue blocks later learning of a second cue when the two are paired together in the second phase of trainingDefine Blocking
The differenceb between what was predicted and what actually occurredWhat is prediction error?
A mathematical specification of the conditions for learning that holds that the degree to which an outcome is surprising modulates the amount of learning that takes placeWhat is error-correction learning?
In the Rescorla-Wagner model of conditioning, a value representing the strength of association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned responseDefine associative weight
A conditioning paradigm in which prior exposure to a conditioned stimulus retards later learning of the CS-US association during acquisition trainingWhat is latent inhibition?
Any of the theories of conditioning that say the stimulus that enters into an association is determined by a change in hose the US is processedDefine US Modulation Theory
Any of the theories of conditioning holding that stimulus that enters into an association is determined by a change in how the CS is processedDefine CS Modulation Theory
Unconditioned Stimulus, Conditioned StimulusThe Rescorla-Wagner model explains conditioning as modulation of the effectiveness of the ___ for learning, while the Mackintosh model explains conditioning through modulation of attention to the ____
A) Mackintosh, B)Rescorla-WagnerFrom the following examples, which of these explanations of Connie's behaviour would be best explained by the Rescorla-Wagner model and which would be better explained by the Mackintosh model? A) Connie loved the oatmeal raisin cookies so much she devoted all of her attention to them. She didn't even bother tasting the chocolate chip cookies. B) Connie was happy eating only the oatmeal raisin cookies and she didn't feel any need to begin eating a new type of cookie
A theory of learning in which all of the cues that occure during a trial and all of the changes that result are considered a single eventWhat is the trial-level model?
A conditioning procedure in which there is no temporal gap between the end of the CS and the beginning of the US and in which the CS co-terminates with the USWhat is delay conditioning?
A conditioning procedure in which there is a temporal gap between the end of the CS and the beginning of the USDefine Trace conditioning
The temporal gap between the onset of of the CS and the onset of the USWhat is an interstimulus interval? (ISI)
A conditioning preparation in which a subject learns to avoid taste that has been paired with an aversive outcome, usually nauseaWhat is conditioned taste aversion?
Skin conductance, Orienting response, Startle Response, eye gaze fixationHow is habituation measured?
Frequency and time lag of presentations, frequency of sessions, habituation can be long-term or short-termWhat does habituation depend on?
Habituation and sensitisation are based on mental represenations of past events. With repeated presentation of a stimulus you develop an expectation of what that event should be like. In future presentations of the event if: Expectations are met -> Habituation or Expectations not met (i.e, surprised!) -> SensitisationWhat are the cognitive theories of habituation?
Acquistion -> Extinction -> Spontaneous Recovery -> ReacquistionWhat are the phases of classical conditioning?
Proposed by Watson: Conditioned stimulus is associated with unconditioned response. Therefore CS-> UR/CR. Some researchers favour this theory as it bypasses cognitive processWhat is the Stimulus-Response theory?
The conditioned stimulus is associated with the unconditioned stimulus. CS makes the subject 'think of' the US, and therefore generates a CR that is related to the UR. PROS: CR can take any form. CON (for behaviourists): Requires cognitive Processes. PRO: Sensory preconditioning. PRO: Higher order conditioningWhat is Stimulus-Stimulus theory?
Predictiveness: Associations occur when one stimulus predicts the occurrence of another stimulusWhat determines the association in classical conditioning?
Onset of CS slightly precedes onset of USDefine Short-delay conditioning
CS is presented at least a few seconds prior to onset of US and persists until US is presentedDefine long-delay conditioning
CS and US occur at the same time and produces weaker conditioning/ Cannot actually predict US occurrenceDefine simultaneous conditioning
CS is presented after the US. Has weak excitatory conditioning or inhibitory conditioning. CS cannot predict occurrence of the US.Define backward conditioning
Learning only happens when something unexpected or surprising occursWhat does the Rescorla-Wargner model claim about learning?
Habituation / SensitisationWhat are examples of Non-associative learning?
Novel object recognition, priming, perceptual learningWhat are examples of Exposure based learning?
S-R vs S-S Theory, Contiguity, Frequency and Predictiveness, Rescorla-Wagner modelWhat are examples of classical conditioning?