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Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
a single-function systems (opposite of ERP)Stovepipe systems
organized collection of data in a computer systemDatabase
"integrated set of computer programs that: create database, maintain the elements, safeguard the data from loss or destruction, make the data available to applications, programs, and inquiries"Database Management System (DBMS)
organize data in a conceptual arrangementRelational Database Structure
describes one attribute of an item or entityField / Column
contains all the information about one item or entityRecord
set of common recordsFile (table)
makes up several related files/tablesComplete database
refers to how close a given data element is to being uniqueCardinality
for a record to be entered in a given table, there must already be a record in some other table(s)Referential integrity
duplicates data to be stored at multiple locationsReplication / snapshot
stores specific records where they are most neededFragmentation / partitioning
the individual who has overall responsibility for developing and maintaining the database and for establishing controls to protect its integrityDBA
describes both the physical and logical characteristics of every data element in a databaseData dictionary
a program used to display graphs and reports, changed, and otherwise controlled data from a relational databaseQuery Management Facility (QMF)
description of the overall logical structure of the database using data-definition languageSchema
describes a particular user’s (application’s) VIEW of a part of the database using data definition languageSubschema
software that is used to evaluate and document the structure of the databaseDatabase mapping facility
response to the need to store not only numbers and characters but also graphics and multimedia applicationsObject-oriented database
the ability to analyze large amounts of data from numerous perspectivesOnline analytical processing (OLAP) / multidimensional data analysis
contains historical as well as current operating data. READ-ONLY functionData warehouse
subset of data warehouse, created for individual busines lines or departmentData Mart
cleans up data in a database that is incorrect, incomplete or duplicatedData cleansing
the process of analyzing data from different perspective and summarizing it into useful informationData mining
corporate/business performance managementEnterprise Performance Management (EPM
the best known control and governance framework that addresses ITCOBIT
measures performance using capability and maturity levelsCOBIT performance Management (CPM) model
methodology applied to the development of large, highly structured application systems.System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
testing method which performs reviews, walkthrough, or inspectionsStatic testing
Quality control method which executes programmed codeDynamic Testing
tests the internal structures or workings of a programWhite-box testing
focuses on how well the software works. Examines functionality without any knowledge of the source code supporting the programBlack-box testing
focuses on how well the software works. Evaluation involves having knowledge of the program’s internal data structures and algorithmGray-box testing
The relevant control in the process of managing changes in applications/systemProgram Change Control
Rethinking of how business functions are performed to provide value to customerBusiness Process Reengineering
A form of machine learning technology that enables a computer to acquire knowledge and mimic the actions of the person(s) using it to perform tasksRobotic Process Automation (RPA)
Computer software designed to perceive, reason, and understandArtificial Intelligence (AI)
process information much like the human brainNeural networks AI
type of AI which learn from previous, similar experiencesCase-based reasoning systems
type of AI which function on the basis of set rulesRule-based expert systems
built-in or learned knowledge base to execute a specific, repetitive, and predictable tasksIntelligent agents
imitates the reasoning of a human expert in a given fieldExpert system
On-demand access to resources that are accessed on the internet and shared by othersCloud Computing
All necessary tools of information system are accessible over the internet instead located within the company premisesIaaS
third-party provides both hardware and software toolsPaaS
subscription to web-based applicationsSaaS
A digital database (ledger) that provides proof of who owns what at any moment in time because each transaction has been added to the ledgerBlockchain
Computerized transaction protocols that executes the terms of a contractSmart Contracts
associated with the collection of applications, tools, and best practices that transform data into actionable information for managerial control, strategic planning, making better decisionsBusiness Intelligence
a tool that display information about the organization as bar graphs, pie charts. Columnar report, or any other format in business intelligence organizationDigital Dashboard
involves qualitative and quantitative methodologies and procedures to retrieve data out of data sources and then inspect the data based on data type to facilitate the decision-making processData Analytics
specifies the type of value and the applicable mathematical, relational and non-relational, or logical operation methodologies that can be applied without resulting in an errorData type
search for unexpected relationship among dataData Mining
is a measure of the FIT between the independent and dependent variablesCoefficient of determination (r2)
measures how well the linear equation represents the data.Standard Error
assist with determining whether the sample is representative of the populationGoodness-of-fit test
is the percentage of times that a sample is expected to be representative of the populationConfidence level
the range around a sample value that is expected to contain the true population value.Confidence interval
uses trial and error to determine the effects of changes in variableSensitivity Analysis
generates many examples of results based on various assumptionsSimulation
generate the individual values for a random variableMonte Carlo Simulation
solicits opinions from experts, summarizes the opinions, and feeds the summaries back to the expertsDelphi Approach
uses data (historical, current, and predicted), statistical algorithm and machine learning to draw insights on such trends as consumer or industry behaves to provide recommendationsPredictive Analytics
encourages the data itself to reveal its underlying structure rather than prematurely applying a hypothesis or statistical methodExploratory Data Analysis (EDA)
voluminous amount of structured, semi-structured, or unrestructured dataBig data
monitors the status of any process subject to acceptable or unacceptable variations during repeated operationsStatistical Control Charts
bar chart that assists managers in quality control analysis. A simple bar chart that ranks related measures in decreasing order of occurrencePareto Diagrams
similar to Pareto but displays a continuum for the independent variableHistograms
the cause-and-effect diagram. Useful for studying causationFishbone Diagram
illustrate how tight or spread out data isBoxplot
open source, Java-based software framework that stores large amounts of dataHadoop
analyzes text data from the Web, comment fields, and other text-based sourcesText mining
the information system that supports routine process in an organizationTransaction processing system (TPS)
the term for determining how groups of data items in a relational structure are arranged in records in a database.Normalization
Typically produce production report, pro forma FS, budgets, CVP analysis and other internal reportsMRS
an organized and shared collection of information about the objects and resources used by the IS organization to deliver or exchange information internally and externally.Data Dictionary
an INTEGRATED set of computer programs that (1) create the database (2) maintain and manage the elements and data files (3) safeguard the data from loss or destruction (4) make the data available to applications, programs and inquiriesDBMS
Governance system components applied in principle to ANY circumstancesGeneric component
Governance system components designed for a given purpose or context in a focus area.Variant component
the acquisition of data that have already been created by control system within the organizationSignal reception
the final step before placing the system in live operationUser acceptance
identifies the number of tests needed to get the coverage developers wantCombinatorial test design
includes creating the system module by module until completedRapid application development techniques