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Psychology ch. 9


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Ilayda Weasley


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[Front]


what is intelligence?
[Back]


Boring (1923) said it was whatever tests measure

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Psychology ch. 9 - Marcador

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Psychology ch. 9 - Detalles

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What is intelligence?
Boring (1923) said it was whatever tests measure
Intelligence test
Diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability
Higher mental processes
Reasoning, understanding and judgement
Abstract thinking
Capacity to understand hypothetical concepts
Western researchers believe intelligence consists of abilities to
- reason abstractly - learn to adapt to novel environmental circumstances - acquire knowledge - benefit from experience
G (general intelligence)
Hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect among people
S (specific abilities)
Particular ability level in a narrow domain [compensates for G)
Fluid intelligence
Capacity to learn new ways of solving problems
Crystallised intelligence
Accumulated knowledge of the world acquired over time
Multiple intelligences
Idea that people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill
What are the 8 different kinds of intelligence?
1. linguistic 2. logico-mathematical 3. spatial 4. musical 5. bodily-kinaesthetic 6. interpersonal 7. intrapersonal 8. naturalistic
Triarchic model
Model of intelligence proposed by Robert Sternberg positing three distinct types of intelligence
Analytical intelligence
The ability to reason logically
Practical intelligence (tacit intelligence)
The ability to solve real world problems, especially involving people
Creative intelligence (creativity)
The ability to come up with novel and effective answers to questions
What is the location of intelligence
Areas of the cortex but also the parietal lobe
Correlation between intelligence and reaction time
Intelligent people tend to have a quicker reaction time
Correlation between intelligence and memory
Moderately correlated (causation is unclear)
Metacognitive skills
Knowing what you know about your own knowledge
Stanford-Binet IQ tests
Intelligence test based on the measure developed by Binet and Simon adapted by Lewis Terman of Stanford University - norms help to define whether we're under or above the line
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
Systematic means of quantifying differences among people in their intelligence
How is IQ measured?
IQ= (mental age)/(chronological age) ∙100
Mental age
Age corresponding to the average individual's performance on an intelligence test
Deviation IQ
Expression of a person's IQ relative to his or her same-aged peers, helps because it means kids after 16 don't have a decreasing IQ
Eugenics
Movement in the early 20th century to improve a population's genetic stock by encouraging those with good genes to reproduce, preventing those with bad genes from reproducing or both
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Most widely used intelligence test for adults today, consisting of 15 subtests to assess different types of mental abilities
What are the 5 major scores?
1. overall IQ (fluid) 2. verbal comprehension (crystallised intelligence) 3. perceptual reasoning (fluid) 4. working memory (fluid) 5. processing speed (fluid)
Commonly used childhood IQ tests
- Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) - Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)
Culture fair IQ tests
Abstract reasoning measure that does not depend on language and is often believed to be less influenced by cultural factors than other IQ tests are
Criticism on culture fair IQ test
IQ tests rely too much on language
Is IQ forever?
They almost never remain the same
Stability of IQ in infancy and childhood
- not stable (except for really low numbers --> mental retardation) - habituation speed seems to indicate intelligence
Assortative mating
The tendency of individuals with similar genes to have children
Mental retardation
Condition characterised by an onset prior to adulthood, an IQ below 70 and an inability to engage in adequate daily functioning
Gullibility
The susceptibility to being duped by others
What are the four gradations?
Mild, moderate, severe, and profound
Most common forms of mental retardation?
- fragile X syndrome - Down syndrome (extra pair of 21 chromosomes)
Mosaics
Only some of the cells have an extra 21 chromosomes, relatively normal IQ
Selective placement
Adoption agencies frequently place children in homes similar to the biological parents
Does schooling make us smarter?
Lines of evidence suggest that schooling exerts a causal influence on IQ
Flynn effect
Finding that average IQ scores have been rising at a rate of approximately three points per decade
Four explanations to rising rate of IQ per decade?
1. increased test sophistication 2. increased complexity of the modern world 3. better nutrition 4. changes at home and at school
Sex differences in specific mental abilities
- women are better at verbal tasks, arithmetic calculations, and empathy - men are better at spatial tasks, geography, mathematic reasoning
Potential causes of sex differences?
Genes and hormones, and environmental
Within-group heritability
Extent to which the variability of a trait within a group is genetically influenced
Between-group heritability
Extent to which differences in a trait between groups is genetically influenced
Test bias
Tendency of a test to predict outcomes better in one group than another
Stereotype threat
Fear that we may confirm a negative group stereotype
Divergent thinking
Capacity to generate many different solutions to a problem
Convergent thinking
Capacity to generate the single best solution to a problem
Emotional intelligence (EQ)
Ability to understand our own emotions and those of others and to apply this information to our daily lives
Wisdom
Application of intelligence toward a common good
Wise people balance 3 competing interests
1. concerns about oneself (self-interest) 2. concerns about others 3. concerns about the broader society