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Psychology ch. 8


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Ilayda Weasley


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thinking
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any mental activity or processing of information including learning, remembering, perceiving, communicating, believing and deciding

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Psychology ch. 8 - Marcador

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Psychology ch. 8 - Detalles

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40 preguntas
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Thinking
Any mental activity or processing of information including learning, remembering, perceiving, communicating, believing and deciding
Cognitive economy
Allows us to simplify what we attend to and keep the information we need for decision making to a manageable minimum
Thin slicing
Our ability to extract useful information from small bits of behaviour
Cognitive bias
Systematic error in thinking
Representative heuristic
Heuristic that involves judging the probability of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype
Base rate
How common a characteristic or behaviour is in the general population
Availability heuristic
Heuristic that involves estimating the likelihood of an occurrence based on the ease with which it comes to our minds
Hindsight bias
Our tendency to over-estimate how well we could have predicted something after it has already occurred
Top-down processing
Filling in the gaps of missing information using our experience and background knowledge
Bottom-up processing
Constructing meaning from something by slowly building up understanding through experience
Concepts
Our knowledge and ideas about a set of objects, actions, and characteristics that share core properties
Decision making
The process of selecting among a set of possible alternative
Framing
The way a question is formulated can influence the decisions people make
Neuro-economics
Researches that are interested in how the brain works while making financial decisions
Problem solving
Generating a cognitive strategy to accomplish a goal
Algorithms
Step-by-step learned procedure used to solve a problem
Salience
How attention-grabbing something is
Mental set
Phenomenon of becoming stuck in a specific problem-solving strategy, inhibiting our ability to generate alternatives
Functional fixedness
Difficulty conceptualising that an object typically used for one purpose can be used for another
What are the obstacles to problem solving?
Salience, mental sets, and functional fixedness
Embodiment models
Our knowledge is organised and accessed in a manner that enables us to stimulate our actual experiences
Language
Largely arbitrary system of communication that combines symbols in rule-based ways to create meaning
What are the four levels of analysis to study language?
Phonemes, morphemes, syntax, and extralinguistic information
Phonemes
Category of sounds our vocal apparatus produces
Morphemes
The smallest meaningful unit of speech
Semantics
Meaning derived from words and sentences
Syntax
Grammatical rules that govern how words are composed into meaningful strings
Extralinguistic information
Elements of communication that aren't part of the content of language but are critical to interpreting its meaning
Sensitive period
An interval during which people are more receptive to learning and can acquire new knowledge more easily
Metalinguistic
Awareness of how language is structures and used
Generative
Allowing an infinite number of unique sentences to be created by combining words in novel ways
Nativist
Account of language acquisition that suggests children are born with some basic knowledge of how language works
Language acquisition device
Hypothetical organ in the brain in which nativists believe knowledge of syntax resides
Social pragmatics
Account of language acquisition which proposes that children infer what words and sentences mean from context and social interactions
General cognitive processing
Proposes that children's ability to learn language results from general skills children apply across a variety of activities
Linguisitic determinism
View that all thought is represented verbally and that, as a result, our language defines our thinking
Linguistic relativity
View that characteristics of language shape our thought processes
Whole word recognition
Reading strategy that involves identifying common words based on their appearance without having to sound them out
Phonetic decomposition
Reading strategy that involves sounding out words by drawing correspondences between printed letters and sounds